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A review of the status, challenges, trends, and prospects of groundwater quality assessment in Nigeria: an evidence-based meta-analysis approach

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Abstract

With the imminent industrial growth and population increase, Nigeria will continue to experience significant shifts in the quality of water, with a rise in emerging contaminants. This will increase the irregularity and complexity of the water quality information. Therefore, using the PRISMA meta-analysis approach, this review systematically identified the commonly used water quality assessment techniques in Nigeria, the drawback in the application of these techniques as well as the gaps in the area of water quality assessment and monitoring from 2003 to 2023. Recommendations were also made based on the evaluation of a new research direction; through the review of the effectiveness of advanced techniques for monitoring water quality in Nigeria. Sixty-eight published articles were chosen for the meta-analysis while the VOSviewer program was used to perform bibliographic coupling and visualization. The review revealed that the application of machine learning in water quality prediction has not been well explored in Nigeria. This is attributed to limited data availability and poor funding by the government. It was found that southwestern Nigeria has a greater amount of research on groundwater quality monitoring and evaluation than other regions. The variability was explained by variations in the underlying geology, aquifer features; variability in anthropogenic activities, and level of literacy among various geopolitical zones. Further studies should focus on the application of soft-computing and integrated biomonitoring techniques for effective prediction and monitoring of emerging contaminants for improved water quality. Effective collaboration between environmental stakeholders and government agencies is recommended for effective water resource sustainability.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

    Michael E. Omeka

  2. Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

    Arinze L. Ezugwu & Hillary O. Abugu

  3. Department of Geology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria

    Johnson C. Agbasi & Johnbosco C. Egbueri

  4. Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

    Chiedozie C. Aralu

  5. Central Science Laboratory, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

    Ifeanyi A. Ucheana

Authors
  1. Michael E. Omeka
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  2. Arinze L. Ezugwu
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  3. Johnson C. Agbasi
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  4. Johnbosco C. Egbueri
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  5. Hillary O. Abugu
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  6. Chiedozie C. Aralu
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  7. Ifeanyi A. Ucheana
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Contributions

Michael E. Omeka conceived and designed the project, conducted bibliometric modeling, and wrote the manuscript; Arinze L. Ezugwu contributed to manuscript editing and review; Johnson C. Agbasi contributed to the manuscript review; Johnbosco C. Egbueri contributed to data collection and analysis; Hillary O. Abugu contributed to manuscript editing and supervision; Chiedozie C. Aralu contributed to manuscript review; Ifeanyi A. Ucheana contributed to project design.

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Correspondence to Michael E. Omeka.

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Highlights

• Hydrogeochemistry (water–rock interaction) has a more significant impact on groundwater pollution quality in southeastern Nigeria than in other regions of the country due to variations in aquifer characteristics and local geochemical variations.

• Generally, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cr were identified as the priority heavy metals with more significant impacts on the quality of groundwater in Nigeria than other elements owing to hydrogeochemical variations (rock-water interaction), industrial effluents, and mining.

• There are more studies on groundwater quality assessment and monitoring in the southwest than in other locations due to differences in underlying geology, human activities, and literacy levels between geopolitical zones.

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Omeka, M.E., Ezugwu, A.L., Agbasi, J.C. et al. A review of the status, challenges, trends, and prospects of groundwater quality assessment in Nigeria: an evidence-based meta-analysis approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 22284–22307 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32552-2

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