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Phytotoxicity assessment of treated vegetable oily wastewater via environmentally coagulation/flocculation and membrane filtration technologies using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds

  • Recent Advances in Environmental Research for the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions
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Abstract

The present investigation highlights the necessity of monitoring some basic physico-chemical water quality indicators and their phytotoxic effect using ecotoxicological bioassays such as “seed germination tests.” The phytotoxicity of raw and treated vegetable oil refinery wastewater (VORW) using different treatment processes was assessed through some physiological responses (relative seed germination (RSG), seedling elongation, and germination index (GI)) using Lactuca sativa cultivar. Biotest results of different raw water samples revealed a noticeable correlation between the organic matter content and water phytotoxicity. In fact, VORW showed a very low RSG (17 ± 0.7 to –47 ± 0.58%) and high phytotoxic effects (GI < 50%). The use of coagulation/flocculation (CF) allowed a satisfactory phytotoxicity removal where RSG obtained ranged from 83 ± 1.58 to 90 ± 1.2%. However, the effluent still presents high to moderate phytotoxicity since GI remained below 80% which indicates the presence of toxic elements remaining after CF treatment. When VORW were treated using membrane processes, their phytotoxicity was gradually decreased with the decrease in the membrane pore size. The use of microfiltration membranes (MF), with pore size of 5 µm, 1.2 µm, 0.45 µm, and 0.22 µm, showed RSG values ranged from 37 ± 1.15 to 77 ± 1.68% and GI of less than 80% indicating a moderate to high phytotoxicity. However, the use of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 100 kDa, 30 kDa, and 10 kDa made it possible to achieve an RSG of 100% and an IG exceeding 80% showing that the VORW-treated using UF does not exhibit any phytotoxicity effect. Hence, UF appears to be the most efficient and environmentally friendly technology that could be used for safely treated VORW irrigation purposes compared to CF and MF processes.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge all of the staff of the Vegetable Oil Refinery located in the Mahdia province of Tunisia for providing them with wastewater and other facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Eaux Usées Et Environnement, Centre de Recherches Et Des Technologies Des Eaux (CERTE), BP 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia

    Ghofrane Louhichi, Ahmed Ghrabi & Imen Khouni

  2. Laboratoire de Production Oléicole Intégrée, Institut de L’Olivier, Cité Mahrajène, BP 208, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia

    Amine El Khouni

Authors
  1. Ghofrane Louhichi
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  2. Amine El Khouni
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  3. Ahmed Ghrabi
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  4. Imen Khouni
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Contributions

Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by GL and AEK. The first draft of the manuscript was written by GL in collaboration with AEK. IK and AG participated in the result discussion, revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Imen Khouni.

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Ethical approval was not required to carry out the analysis of raw and treated wastewater.

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Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Responsible Editor: Gangrong Shi

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Highlights.

• This investigation highlights the phytotoxicity of raw and treated oily wastewater.

• Physiological responses of lettuce seeds correlated to organic matter contents.

• CF, MF and UF treatments were evaluated for phytotoxicity removal of oily wastewater.

• Ultrafiltration was the most effective process in the oily wastewater phytotoxicity removal.

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Louhichi, G., El Khouni, A., Ghrabi, A. et al. Phytotoxicity assessment of treated vegetable oily wastewater via environmentally coagulation/flocculation and membrane filtration technologies using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31594-2

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