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Autotrophic denitrification based on sulfur-iron minerals: advanced wastewater treatment technology with simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal

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Abstract

Autotrophic denitrification technology has many advantages, including no external carbon source addition, low sludge production, high operating cost efficiency, prevention of secondary sewage pollution, and stable treatment efficiency. At present, the main research on autotrophic denitrification electron donors mainly includes sulfur, iron, and hydrogen. In these autotrophic denitrification systems, pyrite has received attention due to its advantages of easy availability of raw materials, low cost, and pH stability. When pyrite is used as a substrate for autotropic denitrification, sulfide (S2−) and ferrous ion (Fe2+) in the substrate will provide electrons to convert nitrate (NO3−) in sewage first to nitrite (NO2−), then to nitrogen (N2), and finally to discharge the system. At the same time, sulfide (S2−) loses electrons to sulfate (SO42−) and ferrous ion (Fe2+) loses electrons to ferric iron (Fe3+). Phosphates (PO43−) in wastewater are chemically combined with ferric iron (Fe3+) to form ferric phosphate (FePO4) precipitate. This paper aims to provide a detailed and comprehensive overview of the dynamic changes of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and other substances in the process of sulfur autotrophic denitrification using iron sulfide, and to summarize the factors that affect wastewater treatment in the system. This work will provide a relevant research direction and theoretical basis for the field of sulfur autotrophic denitrification, especially for the related experiments of the reaction conversion of various substances in the system.

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Abbreviations

C/N:

The ratio of carbon to nitrogen refers to the ratio of total carbon content to total nitrogen content

TN:

Total nitrogen, the total amount of all forms of inorganic and organic nitrogen in water

TP:

Total phosphorus, the sum of the inorganic and organic forms of phosphorus present in water

pH:

Hydrogen ion concentration index, pH value, is a scale of the activity of hydrogen ions in solution, is a measure of the degree of acid and alkali in solution

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the amount of oxidation consumed when water samples are treated with a certain strong oxidant under certain conditions

BAF:

Biological aerated filter

HRT:

Hydraulic retention time (HRT) refers to the average retention time of sewage to be treated in the reactor, that is, the average reaction time of the interaction between sewage and microorganisms in the bioreactor

PAD:

Autotrophic denitrification of pyrite

TON:

Total nitrogen oxide (TON) refers to N in the form of NOx−, mainly including nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−), which is an important quality index in the field of water quality detection

TDS:

Total dissolved solids refers to the concentration of total dissolved solids in water

P-CW:

Constructed wetland based on pyrite

S-CW:

Constructed wetlands based on sulfur

DNRA:

DNRA (dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium) process is a microbial metabolic pathway that is capable of reducing nitrate to ammonia

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Open Research Fund of Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission of Ministry of Water Resources (No. 2022-SYSJJ-XX); Natural Science Fund of Henan Province (No. 232300421131); Zhengzhou science and technology Huimin plan (No. 2021KJHM0007).

Funding

Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission of Ministry of Water Resources (No. 2022-SYSJJ-XX), Natural Science Fund of Henan Province (No. 232300421131), Zhengzhou science and technology Huimin plan (No. 2021KJHM0007)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China

    Quan Yuan, Jingqing Gao, Panpan Liu & Luyang Li

  2. Faculty of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, China

    Zhenzhen Huang

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  1. Quan Yuan
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Contributions

Quan Yuan: conceptualization, formal analysis, data curation, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing. Jingqing Gao: conceptualization, supervision, resources, funding acquisition, project administration, writing—review & editing, validation. Panpan Liu: supervision, writing—review & editing. Zhenzhen Huang: investigation, writing—review & editing, supervision, validation. Luyang Li: resources.

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Yuan, Q., Gao, J., Liu, P. et al. Autotrophic denitrification based on sulfur-iron minerals: advanced wastewater treatment technology with simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 6766–6781 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31467-8

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