Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are increasing the amount of heavy metals and metalloids in the environment on a global scale, harming all living things and necessitating the employment of bioremediation procedures. Metal-resistant bacteria were used to clean polluted soil and promote plant growth; this approach has gained attention in recent years for bioremediation of heavy metal-contaminated systems. We studied the effects of chromium and lithium in Oryza sativa under controlled conditions. In the present study, lithium concentration was applied 50 ppm to 200 ppm according to the dose tolerance level, while the concentration of chromium was 10 ppm throughout the experimental setup due to its concentration observed up to 10 ppm in the targeted soil, which is present in Kasur area Punjab, Pakistan, for rice crop production in future perspective. The results reflect that plants with high lithium concentration have shown decreased plant growth and development, but due to bacterial presence, they thrived until harvesting stage. Due to increase in stress concentration up to 200 ppm, decline in plant growth was observed, but after bacterial inoculation, better growth was seen (chlorophyll content increased to 40, and panicle numbers were more than 13). Our findings reveal that lithium and chromium have a direct negative impact on Oryza sativa, which can be minimized by utilizing halophilic microbes (Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterobacter cloacae) through soil–plant system.
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Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- ACC:
-
Aminocyclopropane-carboxylic acid
- APX:
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- Cr:
-
Chromium
- cm:
-
Centimeter
- DW:
-
Dry weight
- EPS:
-
Extracellular polymeric substances
- EC:
-
Electrical conductivity
- FW:
-
Fresh weight
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse gas emission
- HM:
-
Heavy metals
- IRGA:
-
Infrared gas analyzer
- Li:
-
Lithium
- mg/kg:
-
Milligram per kilogram
- PGPB:
-
Plant growth-promoting bacteria
- Ppm:
-
Parts per million
- SDGs:
-
Sustainable development goals
- SRP:
-
Sustainable rice production
- SE:
-
Standard error
- TDS:
-
Total dissolved solids
- μmolg−1 :
-
Micromole per gram
- WHO:
-
World health organization
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Z.T., M.U.H., F.S., Q.F.K., G.Z.G., L.S., and M.F.. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Z.T., M.U.H., Q.F.K., and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Tahir, Z., Hayyat, M.U., Khan, Q.F. et al. Phyto- and bio-management of metal(loid)-contaminated soil by inoculating resistant bacteria: evaluating tolerance of treated rice plant and soil with its efficiency. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 122524–122536 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30769-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30769-1