Abstract
Pesticides, synthetic fragrances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated two glacier-fed streams (Amola, Mandrone) and one spring (Grostè) in the Italian Alps. Ten compounds (chlorpyrifos (CPY), chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPY-m), galaxolide (HHCB), tonalide (AHTN), fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (Phen), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Fl), pyrene (Pyr), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA)) accumulated in aquatic larvae of chironomids (Diamesa steinboecki, D. latitarsis, D. bertrami, D. tonsa, D. zernyi, Pseudokiefferiella parva, Orthocladiinae) and tipulids. Their tissue concentrations (detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) ranged from 1.1 ± 0.1 ng/g d.w. (= dry weight) (CPY-m in D. tonsa from Amola) to 68.0 ± 9.1 ng/g d.w. (Pyr in D. steinboecki from Mandrone). HHCB, AHTN, and CPY, with one exception, were accumulated by all aquatic insects. Six compounds (CPY, CPY-m, HHCB, AHTN, Fl, Pyr) also contaminated carabids (Nebria germarii, N. castanea, N. jockischii) predating adults of merolimnic insects. Their tissue concentrations ranged from 1.1 ± 0.3 ng/g d.w. (CPY-m in N. germarii from Mandrone) to 84.6 ± 0.3 ng/g d.w. (HHCB in N. castanea from Grostè). HHCB and AHTN were accumulated by all Nebria species. Intersite and interspecies differences were observed, which might be attributed to different environmental contamination levels. There was a stronger similarity between species from the same site than among the same species from different sites, suggesting that uptake is not species specific. At all sites, the concentration of xenobiotics was higher in larvae than in water and comparable or higher in carabids than in larvae from the same site, suggesting trophic transfer by emerging aquatic insects to their riparian predators.
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© eurocarabidae.de. E Carabid Nebria germarii, the model species collected in the Amola glacier plane ©F. Pupin. F Chironomid Diamesa zernyi larva from the Mandrone glacier–fed stream ©V. Lencioni
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Data Availability
The data presented in this study (if not included in the Supplementary Material) are available on request from the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Alessandra Franceschini, Francesca Paoli, Marina Serena Borgatti, and Daniele Debiasi (MUSE-Science Museum of Trento, Italy) for their support in chironomid and carabid sampling.
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The research was co-funded by the Adamello Brenta Natural Park (Italy) within the project CATENA (Valutazione della contaminazione da pesticidi e cosmetici delle acque di fusione glaciale e rischi per l’entomofauna criofila nel Parco Naturale Adamello-Brenta/Assessment of pesticide and cosmetic contamination of glacial meltwater and risks to cryophilic entomofauna in the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park; 2019–2022; CIG code: Z4F261B768, Rep. N. 282; MTSN-0007568–18/09/2019-P).
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VL: conceptualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, chironomid sampling and identification, data analysis, writing first draft, and writing—reviewing and editing; CR: water and larval sample processing; MG: carabid sampling and identification; AM: conceptualization and funding; and SV: conceptualization, supervision, project administration, methodology, and writing—reviewing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The CATENA project’s studies were performed by the Science Museum of Trento (Italy), the University of Milano Bicocca (Italy), and the Natural Park Adamello-Brenta (Italy). Before examinations, all that participated in the project CATENA (Valutazione della contaminazione da pesticidi e cosmetici delle acque di fusione glaciale e rischi per l’entomofauna criofila nel Parco Naturale Adamello-Brenta/Assessment of pesticide and cosmetic contamination of glacial meltwater and risks to cryophilic entomofauna in the Adamello-Brenta Nature Park; 2019–2022; CIG code: Z4F261B768, Rep. N. 282; MTSN-0007568–18/09/2019-P) provided written informed consent to participate and publish results.
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Lencioni, V., Rizzi, C., Gobbi, M. et al. Glacier foreland insect uptake synthetic compounds: an emerging environmental concern. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 113859–113873 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30387-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30387-x