Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize the biodiesel from Mastic oil by electrolysis method. Mastic gum is a potential and inexpensive feedstock for the biodiesel production. The oil content of Mastic gum was ~ 20% of the total gum weight. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was exploited to measure the oil’s fatty acid profile. The response surface methodology (RSM) via Box-Behnken design (BBD) was utilized to specify the best processing condition of the electrolytic transesterification process. According to the RSM-BBD results, the highest predicted biodiesel yield was 95% at the reaction time of 1 h, methanol to oil ratio of 4:1, and catalyst weight of 1.2 wt%. Under these conditions, the produced Mastic oil biodiesel was blended with the neat diesel at different volume ratios of 5:95 (B5), 10:90 (B10), and 15:85 (B15). These fuel mixtures were tested in a single-cylinder engine to assess engine performance and exhaust emissions. The experiments exhibited that blending biodiesel with diesel can slightly improve the engine performance. Moreover, the application of blends with high volumes of biodiesel decreased the exhaust emissions, such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) by 54.54%, 41%, and 39.3%, respectively. However, the nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission increased because of the higher oxygen content of the biodiesel. It was also found that the physical and chemical characteristics of the Mastic oil biodiesel are the same as diesel, consistent with the ASTM standard. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis also confirmed the biodiesel production.
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
Reaction time
- adj-R 2 :
-
Adjusted R2
- AV :
-
Acid value
- B :
-
Methanol to oil molar ratio
- BP :
-
Brake power
- BSFC :
-
Brake specific fuel consumption
- BSEC :
-
Brake specific energy consumption
- BTE :
-
Brake thermal efficiency
- C :
-
Catalyst weight
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- CV :
-
Coefficient of variance
- DF :
-
Degree of freedom
- F-valet :
-
Fisher’s value
- H g :
-
Heating value
- N :
-
Speed
- NOx :
-
Nitrogen oxide
- Pre-R 2 :
-
Predicted R2
- p-value :
-
Probability value
- PM:
-
Particular matter
- R 2 :
-
Coefficient of correlation
- UHC :
-
Unburned hydrocarbon
- T :
-
Torque
- V :
-
Volume of fuel
- X i :
-
Levels of the factors
- X j :
-
Levels of the factors
- X ME :
-
Yield of methyl ester
- α o :
-
Coefficient constant
- α i :
-
Linear constant
- α ii :
-
Quadratic constant
- α ij :
-
Interactive effect constant
- ε :
-
Error
- ρ :
-
Density of fuel
- ŋ :
-
Response value
- σ 2 :
-
Residual mean square
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- ASTM:
-
American Society for Testing and Materials
- BBD:
-
Box-Behnken design
- FFA:
-
Free fatty acid
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- GC-MS:
-
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- RSM:
-
Response surface methodology
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Maryam Helmi, Alireza Hemmati, and Mohammad Amin Sobati. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Maryam Helmi and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Helmi, M., Sobati, M.A. & Hemmati, A. Biodiesel production from Mastic oil via electrolytic transesterification: optimization using response surface methodology and engine test. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 104100–104115 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29615-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29615-1