Abstract
The magnitude of copepods’ responses to pesticides, individually and in mixture, is little understood. The aims of this study were to evaluate: (i) the effects of the pesticides fipronil and 2,4-D, individually and in mixture, on the freshwater copepod Notodiaptomus iheringi; and (ii) the survival and the feeding rate of copepods after the exposure. Acute toxicity tests using the commercial formulations of fipronil and 2,4-D, individually and in mixture, were performed. The LC10–48h, LC20–48h, and LC50–48h of fipronil to N. iheringi were 2.38 ± 0.48, 3.08 ± 1.14, and 4.97 ± 3.30 μg L−1, respectively. For 2,4-D the LC10–48h, LC20–48h, and LC50–48h were 371.18 ± 29.20, 406.93 ± 53.77, and 478.24 ± 107.77 mg L−1, respectively. Morphological damages on the copepods exposed to pesticides were observed at all concentrations. Fungal filaments covering dead organisms were presented at the treatment highest concentration (R5:7.43 ± 2.78 μg L−1 fipronil). The mixture of the pesticides presented synergistic effects on the mortality of N. iheringi. Post-exposure tests showed no difference between the treatments and the control on the mortality and on the feeding rate for 4 h. However, since delayed toxicity of pesticides can occur, longer post-exposure tests using N. iheringi should be tested. N. iheringi is a key species in the aquatic Brazilian ecosystem and showed sensitivity to fipronil and 2,4-D; thus, more studies with this species assessing other responses are recommended.
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The dataset used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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This study was funded by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) granting a scholarship to LFPL (88882.379019/2019-01) and FAPESP (The São Paulo Research Foundation) with the thematic project 2015/18790-3. GSR received financial support with Grant #2015/25436-1 (FAPESP). JFM was granted a scholarship from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
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The conception and design were developed by LFPL, GSR, and ELGE. Material preparation, data collection, and data analyses were performed by LFPL and GSR. Chemical quantification analyses of the pesticides were performed by JFM and CCM. The original draft preparation was written by LFPL. LFPL and GSR contributed to the study writing (review and editing). The supervision of this study was conducted by ELGE. Dual first authorship: LFPL and GSR contributed equally to the paper.
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de Palma Lopes, L.F., Rocha, G.S., de Medeiros, J.F. et al. The acute effects of fipronil and 2,4-D, individually and in mixture: a threat to the freshwater Calanoida copepod Notodiaptomus iheringi. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 80335–80348 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28066-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28066-y