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Evaluating the relationship between groundwater quality and land use in an urbanized watershed

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Abstract

Understanding the impact of urbanization on groundwater quality is critical. Effective water management requires understanding the relationship between land use and water quality. The study’s goals were to compare the effects of land use, identify the types of land that impact hydrochemistry, and define how different land use affects water quality. For this purpose, the comparative relationship between groundwater quality, land use classes and landscape metrics were established for the years 2016 and 2021. Water samples were collected from 42 wells, and different hydro-chemical variables were considered to calculate the water quality index (WQI). The WQI value in 2016 ranged from 26.49 to 151.03 and 29.65 to 155.62 in 2021. The results indicate that the water quality in most parts of the study area is moderate for drinking and domestic purpose use. The google earth engine platform was used and radiometrically corrected and orthorectified Sentinel-2 satellite images were processed to classify land use classes for selected years. Five buffer zones were established within a 2-km watershed along each well site, and the effects of land use types and landscape metrics on water quality in the buffer zones were analyzed. Results revealed that the effects of land use types on water quality were mainly reflected in buffer 1 (B1), buffer 4 (B4), buffer 5 (B5) in 2016 and B1, buffer 3 (B3), and B5 in 2021. The impacts of landscape-level metrics on water quality are mainly reflected in buffer 2 (B2) and B3 in 2021, while at the class-level, they are mainly reflected in B1 and B4 in 2021. The redundancy analysis revealed that different hydro-chemical variables behaved differently with the land use classes and landscape metrics in the various buffer zones.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Pakistan Center of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) for providing services for analyzing the water quality samples and Survey of Pakistan for providing us with different types of vector data for the present study and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for providing the free Sentinel-2 images via earth engine.

Funding

The authors are thankful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52079005) for funding this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China

    Umair Rasool & Xinan Yin

  2. College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, Beijing, 100875, China

    Umair Rasool & Zongxue Xu

  3. Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environment Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Muhammad Faheem

  4. School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Muhammad Faheem

  5. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Burewala Sub-Campus, Punjab, Pakistan

    Muhammad Awais Rasool

  6. Department of Earth Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Jamil Siddique

  7. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China

    Muhammad Azher Hassan

  8. Department of Disaster Management, Alagappa University, Kariakudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India

    Venkatramanan Senapathi

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Contributions

Umair Rasool: conceptualization, data collection, writing—original draft, investigation, and data curation; Xinan Yin: conceptualization and writing—original draft; Zongxue Xu: reviewing manuscript and supervision; Muhammad Faheem: reviewing manuscript and helping in statistical analysis; Muhammad Awais Rasool: writing—original draft and reviewing manuscript; Jamil Siddique: investigation and data curation; Muhammad Azhar Hasan: reviewing manuscript and helping in statistical analysis; Venkatramanan Senapathi: reviewing manuscript and data curation.

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Correspondence to Umair Rasool.

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Rasool, U., Yin, X., Xu, Z. et al. Evaluating the relationship between groundwater quality and land use in an urbanized watershed. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 77107–77126 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27775-8

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