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Assessment of the capability of cadmium accumulation and translocation among 31 willows: four patterns of willow biomass variation response to cadmium

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Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) pollution threatens food security and the environment. Willow species (Salix, Salicaceae) exhibit a remarkable potential to restore Cd-polluted sites due to their high biomass production and high Cd accumulation capacities. This study examined the Cd accumulation and tolerance in 31 genotypes of shrub willow in hydroponic conditions at varying Cd levels (0 μM Cd, 5 μM Cd, and 20 μM Cd). The root, stem, and leaf biomass of 31 shrub willow genotypes showed significant differences to Cd exposure. Among 31 willow genotypes, four patterns of biomass variation response to Cd were identified: insensitive to Cd; growth inhibition due to excessive Cd supply (high Cd inhibition); low Cd causing inhibited growth, whereas high Cd leading to increased biomass (U-shape); and growth increment with excessive Cd exposure (high Cd induction). The genotypes belonging to the “insensitive to Cd” and/or “high Cd induction” were candidates for the utilization of phytoremediation. Based on the analysis of Cd accumulation of 31 shrub willow genotypes at high and low Cd levels, genotypes 2372, 51–3, and 1052 obtained from a cross between S. albertii and S. argyracea grew well and accumulated relatively more Cd levels than other genotypes. In addition, for Cd-treated seedlings, root Cd accumulation was positively correlated with shoot Cd accumulation and total Cd uptake, demonstrating that Cd accumulation in roots could serve as a biomarker for evaluating the Cd extraction capacity of willows, especially in hydroponics screening. The results of this study screened out willow genotypes with high Cd uptake and translocation capacities, which will provide valuable approaches for restoring Cd-contaminated soils with willows.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 42207001), the Jiangsu Province Innovation and Extension Project of Forestry Science and Technology of China (grant number LYKJ[2020]03), the Yangzhou Science and Technology Planning Social Development Project of China (grant number YZ2022082), and the Jiangsu Province Qing-lan Project of China.

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  1. Xiaomei Song and Nan Guo contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China

    Xiaomei Song, Nan Guo, Renkui Yu, Keliang Zhang & Jun Tao

  2. College of Art Design, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou, 225107, Jiangsu, China

    Xiaomei Song

  3. National Willow Engineering Technology Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, 211153, China

    Ruifang Huang & Qingsheng Chen

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  1. Xiaomei Song
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Contributions

JT and NG designed and supervised the study; XS, RY, and NG conducted the research; RH, KZ, QC, and NG wrote the first draft and various revisions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jun Tao.

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Song, X., Guo, N., Yu, R. et al. Assessment of the capability of cadmium accumulation and translocation among 31 willows: four patterns of willow biomass variation response to cadmium. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 76735–76745 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27393-4

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