Abstract
The efficiency of native and non-native starter cultures in the production of bio-silage using composite waste from fish and vegetables was studied. An ensilage experiment was conducted in a natural way (without starter culture) of composite waste (fish to vegetable at 80 to 20%) to isolate the native fermentative microflora. An Enterococcus faecalis strain isolated from the natural ensilage of composite waste showed higher efficiency over other commercial LAB strains generally used for ensilation. A total of 60 isolates were screened and characterized biochemically from ensilaged composite waste. Among them, 12 proteolytic and lipolytic positive isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, based on a BLAST search of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Subsequently, composite bio-silage was prepared by inoculating starter cultures with three (3) treatments T1 (native—Enterococcus faecalis), T2 (non-native—Lactobacillus acidophilus), T3 (a mixture of E. faecalis and L. acidophilus) and compared with control (composite bio-silage without starter culture). The highest non-protein nitrogen (0.78 ± 0.01 mg of N /100 g) and degree of hydrolysis (70.00 ± 0.06% of protein/100 g) was seen in the T3 sample, and the lowest (0.67 ± 0.02 mg of N/100 g and 50.40 ± 0.04% of protein/100 g) was seen in the control. At the end of ensilation, the pH fell (5.95–3.88) in conjunction with the formation of lactic acid (0.23–2.05 g of lactic acid/100 g), and the lactic acid bacteria count nearly doubled (log 5.60–10.60). The lipid peroxidation products PV (0.11–0.41 milli equivalent of oxygen/kg of fat) and TBARs (1.64–6.95 mg of malonaldehyde/kg of silage) were changed within a reasonable range in the following pattern Control > T2 > T3 > T1, which led to oxidatively stable products. The findings revealed that native starter culture E. faecalis, which can be employed as a single or in combination with non-native L. acidophilus, performed better in the bio-ensilation process. Additionally, the finished composite bio-silage can be used as a novel, protein-carbohydrate rich feed component to help manage wastes from both sectors.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Director of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, for providing the facilities required for this work. The financial assistance for the first author in the form of a fellowship is also greatly acknowledged.
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The research was funded by the institutional fund of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, and support from the World Bank ICAR- National Agricultural Higher Education Project (ICAR-NAHEP, No.1010041).
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Binaya Bhusan Nayak, Amjad Khansaheb Balange, Martin Xavier, and Manjusha Lakshmi contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Subal Kumar Ghosh and Ramakrishna Reddy. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Subal Kumar Ghosh. All authors provided comments on previous versions of the manuscript and gave their approval to the final manuscript.
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Ghosh, S.K., Lekshmi, M., Reddy, R. et al. Comparative efficiency of native and non-native starter culture in the production of bio-silage using composite waste from fish and vegetables. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27266-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27266-w