Abstract
Adding organics in the process of geopolymer synthesis can combine the functional groups of organics with the three-dimensional structure of geopolymer, thus changing the properties of geopolymer such as compressive strength, flexural strength, and acid resistance. In this work, excellent mechanical properties and acid resistance of metakaolin-blast furnance slag (Mk-BFS)-based geopolymer were synthesized by the incorporation of chitosan. The formation of sodium-alumino-silicate-hydrate (N-A-S–H) gel and calium-alumino-silicate-hydrate (C-A-S–H) gel in geopolymerization were characterized by 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). At 5% of chitosan, the compressive strength of Mk-BFS-based geopolymer could reach to 33.7 MPa. The results could be ascribed to that chitosan reacts with geopolymer to generate new C-O-Si structure meanwhile adhesion produced by the combination of positively charged cations and negatively charged ions makes the structure of geopolymer denser. After 7 days of sulfuric acid immersion, the reduction of compressive strength is less than 3 MPa, demonstrating its great acid resistance. The acid resistance of Mk-BFS-based geopolymer could attribute to that the free amino groups in chitosan preferentially react with acid solution and weakened the erosion of sulfuric acid. This study optimizes the compressive strength and acid resistance of geopolymer by adding appropriate amount of chitosan.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data are available from the authors upon request.
References
Abdelrahman EA, Subaihi A (2019) Application of geopolymers modified with chitosan as novel composites for efficient removal of Hg(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions from aqueous media. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 30:2440–2463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-019-01380-0
Albidah A, Alqarni AS, Abbas H et al (2022) Behavior of metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete at ambient and elevated temperatures. Constr Build Mater 317:125910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125910
Alnahhal AM, Alengaram UJ, Ibrahim MSI et al (2022) Synthesis of ternary binders and sand-binder ratio on the mechanical and microstructural properties of geopolymer foamed concrete. Constr Build Mater 349:128682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128682
An Q, Pan H, Zhao Q et al (2022) Strength development and microstructure of recycled gypsum-soda residue-GGBS based geopolymer. Constr Build Mater 331:127312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127312
Balusamy SR, Rahimi S, Sukweenadhi J et al (2022) Chitosan, chitosan nanoparticles and modified chitosan biomaterials, a potential tool to combat salinity stress in plants. Carbohydr Polym 284:119189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119189
Bernal SA, Provis JL, Walkley B et al (2013) Gel nanostructure in alkali-activated binders based on slag and fly ash, and effects of accelerated carbonation. Cem Concr Res 53:127–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.06.007
Chen X, Zhu G, Zhou M et al (2018) Effect of organic polymers on the properties of slag-based geopolymers. Constr Build Mater 167:216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.031
Chen X, Wang J, Zhu GR et al (2019) Mechanical properties and mechanisms of polyacrylamide-modified granulated blast furnace slag–based geopolymer. J Mater Civ Eng 31:04018347. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002564
Choi S-J, Bae S-H, Lee J-I et al (2021) Strength, carbonation resistance, and chloride-ion penetrability of cement mortars containing catechol-functionalized chitosan polymer. Materials 14:6395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216395
Czech B, Zygmunt P, Kadirova ZC et al (2020) Effective photocatalytic removal of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products by elsmoreite/tungsten oxide@ZnS photocatalyst. J Environ Manag 270:110870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110870
Du J, Bu Y, Shen Z et al (2016) Effects of epoxy resin on the mechanical performance and thickening properties of geopolymer cured at low temperature. Mater Des 109:133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.003
Han Y, Ye Q, Xu Y et al (2020) Bioinspired organic–inorganic hybrid magnesium oxychloride cement via chitosan and tartaric acid. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:18841–18852. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04760
Jiao Z, Li X, Yu Q (2021) Effect of curing conditions on freeze-thaw resistance of geopolymer mortars containing various calcium resources. Constr Build Mater 313:125507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125507
Li F, Chen D, Yang Z et al (2022) Effect of mixed fibers on fly ash-based geopolymer resistance against carbonation. Constr Build Mater 322:126394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126394
Li J, Mailhiot S, Kantola AM et al (2022) Longitudinal single-sided NMR study: silica-to-alumina ratio changes the reaction mechanism of geopolymer. Cem Concr Res 160:106921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106921
Li J, Yang L, Rao F et al (2022c) Influence of Ca on the mechanical properties and microstructures of slag-fly ash geopolymers. Miner Miner Mater 1:2. https://doi.org/10.20517/mmm.2021.02
Li X, Tang R (2016) Crosslinked and dyed chitosan fiber presenting enhanced acid resistance and bioactivities. Polymers (Basel) 8:119. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8040119
Li X, Rao F, Song S et al (2019) Effect of cristobalite on the mechanical behaviour of metakaolin-based geopolymer in artificial seawater. Adv Appl Ceram 119:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2019.1687208
Li Z, Chen R, Zhang L (2013) Utilization of chitosan biopolymer to enhance fly ash-based geopolymer. J Mater Sci 48:7986–7993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7610-4
Lingyu T, Dongpo H, Jianing Z et al (2021) Durability of geopolymers and geopolymer concretes: a review. Rev Adv Mater Sci 60:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2021-0002
Luo Z, Zhang B, Zou J et al (2022) Sulfate erosion resistance of slag-fly ash based geopolymer stabilized soft soil under semi-immersion condition. Case Stud Constr Mater 17:e01506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01506
Mikhailova O, Rovnaník P (2016) Effect of Polyethylene glycol addition on metakaolin-based geopolymer. Procedia Eng 151:222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.379
Mostafa NY, El-Hemaly SAS, Al-Wakeel EI et al (2001) Characterization and evaluation of the pozzolanic activity of Egyptian industrial by-products I: silica fume and dealuminated kaolin. Cem Concr Res 31:467–474
Oyebisi S, Ede A, Olutoge F et al (2020) Assessment of activity moduli and acidic resistance of slag-based geopolymer concrete incorporating pozzolan. Case Stud Constr Mater 13:e00394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00394
Qin Y, Chen X, Li B et al (2021) Study on the mechanical properties and microstructure of chitosan reinforced metakaolin-based geopolymer. Constr Build Mater 271:121522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121522
Sá Ribeiro MG, Sá Ribeiro MG, Keane PF et al (2021) Acid resistance of metakaolin-based, bamboo fiber geopolymer composites. Constr Build Mater 302:124194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124194
Sun Z, Xu Q (2008) Micromechanical analysis of polyacrylamide-modified concrete for improving strengths. Mater Sci Eng, A 490:181–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2008.01.026
Tian X, Xu W, Song S et al (2020) Effects of curing temperature on the compressive strength and microstructure of copper tailing-based geopolymers. Chemosphere 253:126754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126754
Wan Q, Rao F, Song S et al (2017) Combination formation in the reinforcement of metakaolin geopolymers with quartz sand. Cem Concr Compos 80:115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.03.005
Wan Q, Rao F, Song S et al (2019) Consolidation of mine tailings through geopolymerization at ambient temperature. J Am Ceram Soc 102:2451–2461. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16183
Wang T, Wang P, Zhang K et al (2021) Lumped kinetic model for degradation of chitosan by hydrodynamic cavitation. Arab J Chem 14:102939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102939
Wu J, Li J, Rao F et al (2020) Mechanical property and structural evolution of alkali-activated slag-phosphate mine tailings mortars. Chemosphere 251:126367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126367
Yan J, Ai S, Yang F et al (2020) Study on mechanism of chitosan degradation with hydrodynamic cavitation. Ultrason Sonochem 64:105046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105046
Zhong H, Zhang M (2022) 3D printing geopolymers: a review. Cem Concr Compos 128:104455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104455
Zhu X, Li W, Du Z et al (2021) Recycling and utilization assessment of steel slag in metakaolin based geopolymer from steel slag by-product to green geopolymer. Constr Build Mater 305:124654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124654
Funding
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 51974093) and the Minjiang Scholar Talent Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No. GXRC-20067), for which the authors are grateful.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Tianyu Wang: data curation, methodology, writing—review and Editing. Lang Yang: supervision, visualization, writing—original draft. Feng Rao: conceptualization, supervision, writing—reviewing and editing, corresponding author. Kaixi Jiang: conceptualization, supervision—review and editing. Choduraa Byrynnai: data curation, visualization. All the authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis, and manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
This is an original article that did not use other information that requires ethical approval.
Consent to participate
All the authors participated in this article.
Consent for publication
All the authors have given consent to the publication of this article.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: George Z. Kyzas
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, T., Yang, L., Rao, F. et al. Effect of chitosan on the mechanical properties and acid resistance of metakaolin-blast furnance slag–based geopolymers. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 47025–47037 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25676-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25676-4