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Effect of Glomus mosseae, cadmium, and elevated air temperature on main flavonoids and phenolic acids contents in alfalfa

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Abstract

Global warming and heavy metal-contaminated soils co-occur in natural ecosystems. Flavonoids and phenolic acids in plants have significant antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging ability, which can quickly increase under adverse environments. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization can affect the synthesis of flavonoids and phenolic acids in host plants. This study focused on the main effect of Glomus mosseae, cadmium (Cd, 8 mg kg−1 dry soils), and elevated temperature (ET, + 3 °C) on main flavonoids and phenolic acids in 120-d Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa). Elevated temperature decreased G. mosseae colonization ratio by 49.5% under Cd exposure. Except for p-hydroxybenzoic acid, flavonoids and phenolic acids content in shoots increased (p < 0.05) under G. mosseae + Cd relative to Cd only. G. mosseae and Cd showed significant effects on rutin, quercetin, apigenin, liquiritigenin, gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid, and G. mosseae colonization led to increases in these compounds by 41.7%, 35.4%, 32.2%, 267.8%, 84.7%, 33.5%, 102.8%, and 89.4%, respectively, under ET + Cd. Carbon, N, and Cd in alfalfa and G. mosseae colonization rate were significant factors on flavonoids and phenolic acids accumulation. Additionally, P content in shoots significantly influenced flavonoids content. G. mosseae inoculation significantly stimulated the synthesis of main flavonoids and phenolic acids in alfalfa shoots under ET + Cd, which was helpful to understand the regulation of AMF on non-enzyme antioxidant system of plants grown in heavy metal-contaminated soils under global change scenarios.

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Acknowledgements

This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos. 31870582 and 31270665) and the Project Supported by Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation of China (Program No. 2019TD-01).

Funding

This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant Nos. 31870582 and 31270665).

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  1. Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, No. 126, Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, People’s Republic of China

    Xia Jia, Yunjie Wang, Jiamin Zhao, Chunyan Zhang, Xiaojuan Feng & Xiaoyi Ding

  2. School of Land Engineering, Chang’an University, No. 126, Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, People’s Republic of China

    Yunfeng Gao

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  1. Xia Jia
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Xia Jia planned and designed the research, analyzed data, wrote, reviewed, and edited the manuscript. Yunjie Wang, Jiamin Zhao, Yunfeng Gao, Chunyan Zhang, Xiaojuan Feng, and Xiaoyi Ding performed experiments.

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Jia, X., Wang, Y., Zhao, J. et al. Effect of Glomus mosseae, cadmium, and elevated air temperature on main flavonoids and phenolic acids contents in alfalfa. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 44819–44832 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25506-7

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