Abstract
Biochar has wide application prospects as a good soil conditioner, leguminous plants can fix nitrogen and improve soil available nutrients. However, it is not clear how adding biochar when planting leguminous plants affects soil bacterial community and soil available nutrients. This study investigates the effects of biochar addition on the content of ammonia nitrogen, Olsen-P, and available potassium in northeastern farmland soils under the plantation of Trifolium repens and then compared with the application of organic fertilizer. A 90-day incubation experiment was conducted to compare the changes in the structure and relative abundance of soil microflora under varied biochar additions. It was found that the addition of biochar could affect the structure of the microflora and the available nutrients in the soil. When compared with soil planted with T. repens without the addition of biochar, with the application of 3% biochar increased the content of ammonia nitrogen, Olsen-P, and available potassium in the soil by 31.71%, 21.40%, and 11.51%, respectively. High throughput sequencing revealed that the relative abundance of functional bacteria such as azotobacter, rhizobacteria, and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria in the soil increased with the addition of biochar. Furthermore, the effect was more obvious with the addition of organic fertilizers. The addition of biochar improved the microbial community structure and increased the relative abundance of functional bacteria and the content of available nutrients in the soil. This is expected to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers, thereby protecting the environment and conserving natural resources.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbruzzini TF, Davies CA, Toledo FH, Cerri CEP (2019) Dynamic biochar effects on nitrogen use efficiency, crop yield and soil nitrous oxide emissions during a tropical wheat-growing season. J Environ Manage 252:109638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109638
Ali MA, Ajaz MM, Rizwan M, Qayyum MF, Sajjad Hussain MA, Ahmad N, Qureshi MA (2020) Effect of biochar and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on growth and phosphorus uptake by maize in an Aridisol. Arab J Geosci 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05326-6
An N, Zhang L, Liu Y, Shen S, Li N, Wu Z, Yang J, Han W, Han X (2022) Biochar application with reduced chemical fertilizers improves soil pore structure and rice productivity. Chemosphere 298:134304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134304
Bebber DP, Richards VR (2022) A meta-analysis of the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil microbial diversity. Appl Soil Ecol 175:104450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104450
Bona E, Lingua G, Manassero P, Cantamessa S, Marsano F, Todeschini V, Copetta A, D’Agostino G, Massa N, Avidano L, Gamalero E, Berta G (2015) AM fungi and PGP pseudomonads increase flowering, fruit production, and vitamin content in strawberry grown at low nitrogen and phosphorus levels. Mycorrhiza 25:181–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-014-0599-y
Burgeon V, Fouché J, Garré S, Dehkordi RH, Colinet G, Cornelis J-T (2022) Young and century-old biochars strongly affect nutrient cycling in a temperate agroecosystem. Agric Ecosyst Environ 328:107847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107847
Cao N, Zhi M, Zhao W, Pang J, Wei Hu, Zhou Z, Meng Y (2022) Straw retention combined with phosphorus fertilizer promotes soil phosphorus availability by enhancing soil P-related enzymes and the abundance of phoC and phoD genes. Soil till Res 220:105390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105390
Crush J, Ouyang L, Nichols S (2016) Phosphate efflux rates from roots of Trifolium uniflorum, Trifolium repens and some T. repens × T. uniflorum interspecific hybrids. Acta Physiol Plant 38:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2117-7
Dai Z, Xiong X, Zhu H, Haojie Xu, Leng P, Jihui Li C, Tang and Jianming Xu, (2021) Association of biochar properties with changes in soil bacterial, fungal and fauna communities and nutrient cycling processes. Biochar 3:239–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-021-00099-x
Dey D and Mavi MS (2022) Co-application of biochar with non-pyrolyzed organic material accelerates carbon accrual and nutrient availability in soil. Environ Technol Innov 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.102128
Dharma-Wardana MWC (2018) Fertilizer usage and cadmium in soils, crops and food. Environ Geochem Health 40:2739–2759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0140-x
Dong X, Guan T, Li G, Lin Q, Zhao X (2016) Long-term effects of biochar amount on the content and composition of organic matter in soil aggregates under field conditions. J Soils Sediments 16:1481–1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1338-5
Du TY, He HY, Qian Zhang LuLu, Mao WJ, Zhai MZ (2022) Positive effects of organic fertilizers and biofertilizers on soil microbial community composition and walnut yield. Appl Soil Ecol 175:104457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104457
Fang Yu, Wang F, Jia X, Chen J (2018) Distinct responses of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea to green manure combined with reduced chemical fertilizer in a paddy soil. J Soils Sediments 19:1613–1623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2154-5
Gao Si, DeLuca TH (2022) Rangeland application of biochar and rotational grazing interact to influence soil and plant nutrient dynamics. Geoderma 408:115572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115572
Gao Y, Wu P, Jeyakumar P, Bolan N, Wang H, Gao B, Wang S, Wang B (2022) Biochar as a potential strategy for remediation of contaminated mining soils: mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives. J Environ Manage 313:114973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114973
Garg A, Huang He, Kushvaha V, Madhushri P, Kamchoom V, Wani I, Koshy N, Zhu HH (2019) Mechanism of biochar soil pore–gas–water interaction: gas properties of biochar-amended sandy soil at different degrees of compaction using KNN modeling. Acta Geophys 68:207–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-019-00387-y
Głodowska M, Husk B, Schwinghamer T and Smith D (2016) Biochar is a growth-promoting alternative to peat moss for the inoculation of corn with a pseudomonad. Agron Sustain Dev 36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0356-z
Gorovtsov AV, Minkina TM, Mandzhieva SS, Perelomov LV, Soja G, Zamulina IV, Rajput VD, Sushkova SN, Mohan D, Yao J (2019) The mechanisms of biochar interactions with microorganisms in soil. Environ Geochem Health 42:2495–2518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00412-5
Hu J, Lin X, Wang J, Dai J, Chen R, Zhang J, Wong MH (2010) Microbial functional diversity, metabolic quotient, and invertase activity of a sandy loam soil as affected by long-term application of organic amendment and mineral fertilizer. J Soils Sediments 11:271–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-010-0308-1
Ibrahim MM, Zhang H, Guo L, Chen Y, Heiling M, Zhou B and Mao Y (2021) Biochar interaction with chemical fertilizer regulates soil organic carbon mineralization and the abundance of key C-cycling-related bacteria in rhizosphere soil. European Journal of Soil Biology 106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2021.103350
Jia R, Li L, Qu D, Mi N (2018) Enhanced iron(III) reduction following amendment of paddy soils with biochar and glucose modified biochar. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8081-3
Kamau S, Karanja NK, Ayuke FO, Lehmann J (2019) Short-term influence of biochar and fertilizer-biochar blends on soil nutrients, fauna and maize growth. Biol Fertil Soils 55:661–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-019-01381-8
Karimi A, Moezzi A, Chorom M, Enayatizamir N (2019) Application of biochar changed the status of nutrients and biological activity in a calcareous soil. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20:450–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00129-5
Khorram MS, Sarmah AK and Yu Y (2018) The effects of biochar properties on fomesafen adsorption-desorption capacity of biochar-amended soil. Water Air Soil Pollut 229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3603-2
Kihara J, Bationo A, Mugendi DN, Martius C, Vlek PLG (2011) Conservation tillage, local organic resources and nitrogen fertilizer combinations affect maize productivity, soil structure and nutrient balances in semi-arid Kenya. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 90:213–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-011-9423-7
Kim H, Kim J, Kim M, Hyun S, Moon DH (2018) Sorption of sulfathiazole in the soil treated with giant Miscanthus-derived biochar: effect of biochar pyrolysis temperature, soil pH, and aging period. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25:25681–25689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9049-7
Korai PK, Sial TA, Pan G, Abdelrahman H, Sikdar A, Kumbhar F, Channa SA, Ali EF, Zhang J, Rinklebe J, Shaheen SM (2021) Wheat and maize-derived water-washed and unwashed biochar improved the nutrients phytoavailability and the grain and straw yield of rice and wheat: a field trial for sustainable management of paddy soils. J Environ Manage 297:113250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113250
Lebrun M, Bourgerie S, Morabito D (2022) Effects of different biochars, activated carbons and redmuds on the growth of Trifolium repens and As and Pb stabilization in a former mine technosol. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 108:403–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03271-y
Lebrun M, Miard F, Bucci A, Fougere L, Nandillon R, Naclerio G, Scippa GS, Destandeau E, Morabito D, Bourgerie S (2021) The rhizosphere of Salix viminalis plants after a phytostabilization process assisted by biochar, compost, and iron grit: chemical and (micro)-biological analyses. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28:47447–47462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14113-z
Li C, Ahmed W, L Di, Yu L, Xu L, Xu T and Zhao Z (2022) Biochar suppresses bacterial wilt disease of flue-cured tobacco by improving soil health and functional diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms. Appl Soil Ecol 171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2021.104314
Li Y, Zhou C, Qiu Y, Tigabu M, Ma X (2018) Effects of biochar and litter on carbon and nitrogen mineralization and soil microbial community structure in a China fir plantation. J Forest Res 30:1913–1923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0731-5
Liu J, Shu A, Song W, Shi W, Li M, Zhang W, Li Z, Liu G, Yuan F, Zhang S, Liu Z, Gao Z (2021) Long-term organic fertilizer substitution increases rice yield by improving soil properties and regulating soil bacteria. Geoderma 404:115287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115287
Liu X, Jiang X, He X, Zhao W, Cao Y, Guo T, Li T, Ni H, Tang X (2019) Phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas sp. Strain P34-L promotes wheat growth by colonizing the wheat rhizosphere and improving the wheat root system and soil phosphorus nutritional status. J Plant Growth Regul 38:1314–1324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-019-09935-8
Mahmoud, Esawy, Talaat El-Beshbeshy, Nasser Abd El-Kader, Rania El Shal and Naglaa Khalafallah (2019) Impacts of biochar application on soil fertility, plant nutrients uptake and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in saline sodic soil. Arab J Geosci 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4937-4
Mierzwa-Hersztek M, Klimkowicz-Pawlas A, Gondek K (2017a) Influence of poultry litter and poultry litter biochar on soil microbial respiration and nitrifying bacteria activity. Waste Biomass Valorization 9:379–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0013-z
Mierzwa-Hersztek M, Klimkowicz-Pawlas A, Gondek K (2017b) Influence of poultry litter and poultry litter biochar on soil microbial respiration and nitrifying bacteria activity. Waste Biomass Valorizat 9:379–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0013-z
Nandillon R, Lebrun M, Miard F, Gaillard M, Sabatier S, Battaglia-Brunet F, Morabito D, Bourgerie S (2022) Co-culture of Salix viminalis and Trifolium repens for the phytostabilisation of Pb and As in mine tailings amended with hardwood biochar. Environ Geochem Health 44:1229–1244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01153-0
Nichols SN, Crush JR, Woodfield DR (2007) Effects of inbreeding on nodal root system morphology and architecture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Euphytica 156:365–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-007-9386-6
Revillas JJ, Rodelas B, Pozo C, Martinez-Toledo MV, Lopez JG (2005) Production of amino acids by Azotobacter vinelandii and Azotobacter chroococcum with phenolic compounds as sole carbon source under diazotrophic and adiazotrophic conditions. Amino Acids 28:421–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-004-0153-x
Rohan TC, Aalders LT, Bell NL, Shah FA (2016) First report of Melodogyne fallax hosted by Trifolium repens (white clover): implications for pasture and crop rotations in New Zealand. Australas Plant Dis Notes 11:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-016-0201-x
Seyedsadr S, Sipek V, Jacka L, Snehota M, Beesley L, Pohorely M, Kovar M, Trakal L (2022) Biochar considerably increases the easily available water and nutrient content in low-organic soils amended with compost and manure. Chemosphere 293:133586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133586
Shan W, Zhao Z, Fang D, Lou Z, Jia Xu, Yue S, Biswas BK, Xiong Y (2012) Investigation on the selective adsorption of Mo(VI) by using modified rice husk and corn straw. Waste Biomass Valorizat 4:385–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-012-9149-z
Shi Y, Liu X, Zhang Q, Gao P, Ren J (2019a) Biochar and organic fertilizer changed the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea community structure of saline–alkali soil in the North China Plain. J Soils Sediments 20:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02364-w
Šimanský V, Horák J, Igaz D, Jonczak J, Markiewicz M, Felber R, Rizhiya EY, Lukac M (2016) How dose of biochar and biochar with nitrogen can improve the parameters of soil organic matter and soil structure? Biologia 71:989–995. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016-0122
Soares MB, Milori DMBP, Alleoni LRF (2021) How does the biochar of sugarcane straw pyrolysis temperature change arsenic and lead availabilities and the activity of the microorganisms in a contaminated sediment? J Soils Sediments 21:3185–3200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-03028-4
Sun D, Meng J, Hao Liang E, Yang YH, Chen W, Linlin Jiang Yu, Lan WZ, Gao J (2014) Effect of volatile organic compounds absorbed to fresh biochar on survival of Bacillus mucilaginosus and structure of soil microbial communities. J Soils Sediments 15:271–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0996-z
Sundberg C, Al-Soud WA, Larsson M, Alm E, Yekta SS, Svensson BH, Sorensen SJ, Karlsson A (2013) 454 pyrosequencing analyses of bacterial and archaeal richness in 21 full-scale biogas digesters. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 85:612–626. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12148
Vahidi MJ, Zahan MHS, Atajan FA, Parsa Z (2022) The effect of biochars produced from barberry and jujube on erosion, nutrient, and properties of soil in laboratory conditions. Soil till Res 219:105345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105345
Vanek SJ, Lehmann J (2014) Phosphorus availability to beans via interactions between mycorrhizas and biochar. Plant Soil 395:105–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2246-y
Wang H, Lu Y, Xu J, Liu X, Sheng L (2021) Effects of additives on nitrogen transformation and greenhouse gases emission of co-composting for deer manure and corn straw. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28:13000–13020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11302-0
Wang S, Xia G, Zheng J, Wang Y, Chen T, Chi D, Bolan NS, Chang SX, Wang T, Ok YS (2022) Mulched drip irrigation and biochar application reduce gaseous nitrogen emissions, but increase nitrogen uptake and peanut yield. Sci Total Environ 830:154753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154753
Yan P, Shen C, Zou Z, Jianyu Fu, Li X, Zhang L, Zhang L, Han W, Fan L (2021) Biochar stimulates tea growth by improving nutrients in acidic soil. Sci Hortic 283:110078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110078
Yang Y, Sun K, Han L, Chen Y, Liu J and Xing B (2022) Biochar stability and impact on soil organic carbon mineralization depend on biochar processing, aging and soil clay content. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108657
Yao T, Zhang W, Gulaqa A, Cui Y, Zhou Y, Weng W, Wang X, Liu Q, Jin F (2021) Effects of peanut shell biochar on soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity, and rice yield in heavily saline-sodic paddy field. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21:655–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00390-z
Zhang Y, Zhao C, Chen G, Zhou J, Chen Z, Li Z, Zhu J, Feng T, Chen Y (2020) Response of soil microbial communities to additions of straw biochar, iron oxide, and iron oxide-modified straw biochar in an arsenic-contaminated soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27:23761–23768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08829-7
Zheng H, Liu D, Liao X, Miao Y, Li Y, Li J, Yuan J, Chen Z and Ding W (2022) Field-aged biochar enhances soil organic carbon by increasing recalcitrant organic carbon fractions and making microbial communities more conducive to carbon sequestration. Agri Ecosyst Environ 340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108177
Zhong L, Li G, Qing J, Li J, Xue J, Yan B, Chen G, Kang X, Rui Y (2022) Biochar can reduce N2O production potential from rhizosphere of fertilized agricultural soils by suppressing bacterial denitrification. Eur J Soil Biol 109:103391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2022.103391
Zhu K, Song C, Liu J, Gong M, Wang S, Song X, Li J (2021) Unravelling the mechanisms of improving wheat growth, yield, and grain quality under long-term corn straw return plus N fertilizer mode. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21:3428–3436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00617-7
Funding
This work was supported by the College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University (NEFU). We are grateful for the grants from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M710647), Hei Long Jiang Postdoctoral Foundation (LBH-Z21085), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2572022BA09).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Pingnan Zhao: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Visualization, Investigation. Jie Yu: Methodology, Data curation. Xiaoyuan Zhang: Visualization, Resources. Zhixing Ren: Conceptualization, Data curation. Song Han: Supervision, Funding acquisition. Ming Li: Writing—review & editing.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zhihong Xu
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, P., Yu, J., Zhang, X. et al. Trifolium repens and biochar addition affecting soil nutrients and bacteria community. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 33927–33941 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24651-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24651-9