Abstract
Biofouling is responsible for structural and economic damage to man-made surfaces. Antifouling paints with biocides have been applied to structures to avoid organism adhesion; however, they have high toxicity and are not able to prevent all biofouling processes, necessitating the periodic mechanical removal of organisms and paint reapplication. Thus, there is an urgent demand for novel, effective, and environmentally friendly antifouling alternatives. As isonitrosoacetanilide is the precursor for many compounds with antibacterial activity, we believe that it could have antifouling activity against microfouling and, consequently, against macrofouling. The aim of this work was to investigate the antifouling potential of six isonitrosoacetanilide compounds and their toxicity. The compounds were employed at different concentrations (0.625–1.25–2.5–5–10 µg mL−1) in this study. The biofilm and planktonic bacteria inhibition and biofilm eradication potential were evaluated by crystal violet assay, while Amphibalus amphitrite barnacle settlement was evaluated by cyprid settlement assay. Toxicity evaluation (LC50 and EC50) was performed with A. amphitrite nauplii II and cyprid larvae. At least one of the tested concentrations of 4-Br-INA, 4-CH3-INA, and 2-Br-INA compounds showed nontoxic antifouling activity against microfouling (antibiofilm) and macrofouling (antisettlement). However, only 4-CH3-INA and 2-Br-INA also showed biofilm eradication potential. These compounds with antibiofilm activity and nontoxic effects could be combined with acrylic base paint resin or added directly into commercial paints in place of toxicant biocides to cover artificial structures as friendly antifouling agents.
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The authors acknowledge the support of Universidade Federal of Rio Grande (FURG), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Dr. Veronica Piazza and Dr. Marco Faimali from Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilita' in Ambiente Marino (IAS), and the PNPD-CAPES scholarship (88882.314602/2019-01 and 88887.356411/2019-00).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design, as well as material preparation, data collection, and analysis. VOA performed the assays. VOA and STM wrote the original draft of the manuscript. GLP, AJM, and EM reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Agostini, V.O., Martinez, S.T., Muxagata, E. et al. Antifouling activity of isonitrosoacetanilides against microfouling and macrofouling. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 26435–26444 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24016-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24016-2