Abstract
Indexical assessment coupled with a self-organizing map (SOM) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling of toxic metal(loid)s in sediment and water of the aquatic environment provides valuable information from the environmental management perspective. However, in northwest Bangladesh, indexical and modeling assessments of toxic metal(loid)s in surface water and sediment are still rare. Toxic metal(loid)s were measured in sediment and surface water from an urban polluted river (Ichamati) in northwest Bangladesh using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer to assess distribution, pollution levels, sources, and potential environmental risks to the aquatic environment. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of metal(loid)s in water are as follows: Fe (871) > Mn (382) > Cr (72.4) > Zn (34.2) > Co (20.8) > Pb (17.6) > Ni (16.7) > Ag (14.9) > As (9.0) > Cu (5.63) > Cd (2.65), while in sediment, the concentration follows the order, Fe (18,725) > Mn (551) > Zn (213) > Cu (47.6) > Cr (30.2) > Ni (24.2) > Pb (23.8) > Co (9.61) > As (8.23) > Cd (0.80) > Ag (0.60). All metal concentrations were within standard guideline values except for Cr and Pb for water and Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, and As for sediment. The outcomes of eco-environmental indices, including contamination and enrichment factors and geo-accumulation index, differed spatially, indicating that most of the sediment sites were moderately to highly polluted by Cd, Zn, and As. Cd and Zn content can trigger ecological risks. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model recognized three probable sources of sediment, i.e., natural source (49.39%), industrial pollution (19.72%), and agricultural source (30.92%), and three possible sources of water, i.e., geogenic source (45.41%), industrial pollution (22.88%), and industrial point source (31.72%), respectively. SOM analysis identified four spatial patterns, e.g., Fe–Mn-Ag, Cd–Cu, Cr-Pb-As-Ni, and Zn–Co in water and three patterns, e.g., Mn-Co–Ni-Cr, Cd-Cu-Pb–Zn, and As-Fe-Ag in sediment. The spatial distribution of entropy water quality index values shows that the southwestern area possesses “poor” quality water. Overall, the levels of metal(loid) pollution in the investigated river surpassed a critical threshold, which might have serious consequences for the river’s aquatic biota and human health in the long run.
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Acknowledgements
We truly acknowledge the Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS) and the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) for their assistance in analyzing the samples for this research work.
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The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through the Small Groups Project under grant number (RGP.1/215/43).
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Md Nasiruddin: designed, writing—original, draft, and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage. Md. Abu Bakar Siddique: instrumental setup, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, validation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—reviewing, and editing. Md. Mahedi Hassan: writing—original draft and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage. Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam: designed, planned, conceptualization, writing—original draft, and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage. Md. Ahedul Akbor: formal analysis and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage. Mehedi Hassan: formal analysis and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage. Subodh Chandra Pal: software, mapping, and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage. Md. Hasanuzzaman: statistical analysis, formal analysis, interpretation, manuscript editing, literature review, and proofreading. Abubakr Mustafa Idris: manuscript editing, literature review, and proofreading. Md. Al Amin: statistical analysis, formal analysis, interpretation, software, mapping, and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage. Md Saiful Islam: formal analysis, validation, manuscript editing, literature review, software, mapping, and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage. Rahat Khan: formal analysis, validation, manuscript editing, literature review, software, mapping, and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage. Satendra Kumar: formal analysis, validation, and proofreading during the manuscript drafting stage.
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Nasiruddin, M., Islam, A.R.M.T., Siddique, M.A.B. et al. Distribution, sources, and pollution levels of toxic metal(loid)s in an urban river (Ichamati), Bangladesh using SOM and PMF modeling with GIS tool. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 20934–20958 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23617-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23617-1