Abstract
During the last 20 years, the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and health risk has become one of the hotspots in the fields of public health and the environment. A bibliometric study of 1392 research articles retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) published between 2002 and 2021 was performed to give an in-depth statistical evaluation of research progress and future trends on PAHs and health risk (PHR). According to the findings, the annual output of significant scientific papers increased exponentially. China ranked first among the 86 nations in terms of the number of publications (NP), followed by the USA and India. Logistic regression analysis showed that there was a positive relationship between the second tertile of 180-day usage count (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.16–2.26) and increased odds of open access publishing after adjustment for the confounders, indicating that open access papers on PHR were more preferred over the preceding 6 months than non-open access articles. The most popular terms were “PAHs,” “risk assessment,” and “source identification.” According to the bibliometric study, the research hotspots that require more exploration include identifying PAH sources in media such as soil, water, dust, and food and evaluating their linkages to health hazards using appropriate risk models. Understanding the environmental behavior, bioavailability, and health concerns of PAHs and their derivatives in various media is critical for environmental and public health protection. This paper provides an overview of current research status and future perspectives for PHR research.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Secondary data was collected from the WoSCC database; data can be provided on request.
References
Abayalath N, Malshani I, Ariyaratne R, Zhao S, Zhong G, Zhang G, Manipura A, Siribaddana A, Karunaratne P, Kodithuwakku SP (2022) Characterization of airborne PAHs and metals associated with PM10 fractions collected from an urban area of Sri Lanka and the impact on airway epithelial cells. Chemosphere 286(Pt 2):131741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131741
Adetona O, Reinhardt TE, Domitrovich J, Broyles G, Adetona AM, Kleinman MT, Ottmar RD, Naeher LP (2016) Review of the health effects of wildland fire smoke on wildland firefighters and the public. Inhalation Toxicol 28(3):95–139. https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2016.1145771
Baek S, Yoon DY, Lim KJ, Cho YK, Seo YL, Yun EJ (2018) The most downloaded and most cited articles in radiology journals: a comparative bibliometric analysis. Eur Radiol 28(11):4832–4838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5423-1
Bao Y, Mehmood K, Saifullah YM, Dahlawi S, Abrar MM, Khan MA, Saud S, Dawar K, Fahad S, Faraj TK (2021) Global research on the air quality status in response to the electrification of vehicles. Sci Total Environ 795:148861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148861
Barul C, Parent ME (2021) Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of prostate cancer. Environmental Health: a Global Access Science Source 20(1):71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00751-w
Boada LD, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Navarro P, Zumbado M, Almeida-González M, Camacho M, Álvarez-León EE, Valencia-Santana JA, Luzardo OP (2015) Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and bladder cancer: evaluation from a gene-environment perspective in a hospital-based case-control study in the Canary Islands (Spain). Int J Occup Environ Health 21(1):23–30. https://doi.org/10.1179/2049396714Y.0000000085
Bukowska B, Mokra K, Michałowicz J (2022) Benzo[a]pyrene-environmental occurrence, human exposure, and mechanisms of toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 23(11):6348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116348
Chen H, Jiang W, Yang Y, Yang Y (1995) Man X (2015) Global trends of municipal solid waste research from 1997 to 2014 using bibliometric analysis. J Air & Waste Manage Assoc 65:1161–1170. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2015.1083913
Chen G, Huo X, Luo X, Cheng Z, Zhang Y, Xu X (2021) E-waste polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure leads to child gut-mucosal inflammation and adaptive immune response. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28(38):53267–53281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14492-3
Chen SC, & Liao CM (2006) Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources. The Science of the total environment 366(1), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.047
Clarivate Analytics (2020) Web of Science Core Collection Help Usage Count. https://images.webofknowledge.com/images/help/WOS/hp_usage_score.html.
Cohen AJ, Brauer M, Burnett R, Anderson HR, Frostad J, Estep K, Balakrishnan K, Brunekreef B, Dandona L, Dandona R, Feigin V, Freedman G, Hubbell B, Jobling A, Kan H, Knibbs L, Liu Y, Martin R, Morawska L, Pope CA, Shin H, Straif K, Shaddick G, Thomas M, van Dingenen R, van Donkelaar A, Vos T, Murray CJL, Forouzanfar MH (2017) Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. Lancet (london, England) 389(10082):1907–1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6
Davis PM (2011) Open access, readership, citations: a randomized controlled trial of scientific journal publishing. FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 25(7):2129–2134. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.11-183988
Davis PM, Lewenstein BV, Simon DH, Booth JG, Connolly MJ (2008) Open access publishing, article downloads, and citations: randomised controlled trial. BMJ (clinical Research Ed) 337:a568. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a568
Dhital S, Rupakheti D (2019) Bibliometric analysis of global research on air pollution and human health: 1998–2017. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26(13):13103–13114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04482-x
Diggs DL, Huderson AC, Harris KL, Myers JN, Banks LD, Rekhadevi PV, Niaz MS, Ramesh A (2011) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and digestive tract cancers: a perspective. Journal of environmental science and health Part C, Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews 29(4):324–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2011.629974
Diggs DL, Harris KL, Rekhadevi PV, Ramesh A (2012) Tumor microsomal metabolism of the food toxicant, benzo(a)pyrene, in ApcMin mouse model of colon cancer. Tumour Biology : the Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 33(4):1255–1260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-012-0375-6
Gamboa-Loira B, López-Carrillo L, Mar-Sánchez Y, Stern D, Cebrián ME (2022) Epidemiologic evidence of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chemosphere 290:133237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133237
Gan J, Cai Q, Galer P, Ma D, Chen X, Huang J, Bao S, Luo R (2019) Mapping the knowledge structure and trends of epilepsy genetics over the past decade: a co-word analysis based on medical subject headings terms. Medicine 98(32):e16782. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016782
Gao Y, Ge L, Shi S, Sun Y, Liu M, Wang B, Shang Y, Wu J, Tian J (2019) Global trends and future prospects of e-waste research: a bibliometric analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26(17):17809–17820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05071-8
GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators (2018) Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet (london, England) 392(10159):1736–1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7
Grova N, Salquèbre G, Schroeder H, Appenzeller BM (2011) Determination of PAHs and OH-PAHs in rat brain by gas chromatography tandem (triple quadrupole) mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 24(10):1653–1667. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx2003596
He Y, Qi J, He F, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang R, Li G (2017) GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes are associated with DNA damage of p53 gene in coke-oven workers. J Occup Environ Med 59(6):499–501. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000999
Hu C, Hou J, Zhou Y, Sun H, Yin W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang G, Chen W, Yuan J (2018) Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a role of mean platelet volume or club cell secretory protein. Environ Pollut 233:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.042
Huderson AC, Rekha Devi PV, Niaz MS, Adunyah SE, Ramesh A (2019) Alteration of benzo(a)pyrene biotransformation by resveratrol in Apc Min/+ mouse model of colon carcinogenesis. Invest New Drugs 37(2):238–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-018-0622-9
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010). Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 92, 1–853. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321712/
Irfan M, Liu X, Hussain K, Mushtaq S, Cabrera J, Zhang P (2021) The global research trend on cadmium in freshwater: a bibliometric review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13894-7
Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E, & Brown RJ (2013) A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Enviro Int 60, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019
Ravindra K, Sokhi R, Grieken R.V (2008) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation Atmos Environ 42 (13):2895–2921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010
Langham-Putrow A, Bakker C, Riegelman A (2021) Is the open access citation advantage real? A systematic review of the citation of open access and subscription-based articles. PLoS One 16(6):e0253129. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253129
Li C, Wu K, Wu J (2017) A bibliometric analysis of research on haze during 2000–2016. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24(32):24733–24742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0440-1
Liacos JW, Kam W, Delfino RJ, Schauer JJ, Sioutas C (2012) Characterization of organic, metal and trace element PM2.5 species and derivation of freeway-based emission rates in Los Angeles, CA. The Science of the Total Environment 435–436:159–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.106
Liu N, Pan L, Gong X, Tao Y, Hu Y, Miao J (2014) Effects of benzo(a)pyrene on differentially expressed genes and haemocyte parameters of the clam Venerupis philippinarum. Ecotoxicology (london, England) 23(2):122–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1157-7
Maharjan L, Kang S, Tripathee L, Gul C, Zheng H, Li Q, Chen P, Rai M, Santos E (2022) Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over two distinct sites in Pakistan: characteristics, sources and health risk assessment. J Environ Sci (china) 112:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.024
Mallah MA, Mallah MA, Liu Y, Xi H, Wang W, Feng F, Zhang Q (2021) Relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review. Front Public Health 9:763706. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.763706
Miller BG, Doust E, Cherrie JW, Hurley JF (2013) Lung cancer mortality and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in British coke oven workers. BMC Public Health 13:962. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-962
Mordukhovich I, Rossner P Jr, Terry MB, Santella R, Zhang YJ, Hibshoosh H, Memeo L, Mansukhani M, Long CM, Garbowski G, Agrawal M, Gaudet MM, Steck SE, Sagiv SK, Eng SM, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Conway-Dorsey K, Gammon MD (2010) Associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-related exposures and p53 mutations in breast tumors. Environ Health Perspect 118(4):511–518. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901233
Navarro KM, Cisneros R, Noth EM, Balmes JR, Hammond SK (2017) Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon of wildland firefighters at prescribed and wildland fires. Environ Sci Technol 51(11):6461–6469. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00950
NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2021. Report on Carcinogens, Fifteenth Edition. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc15
Oliveira M, Slezakova K, Magalhães CP, Fernandes A, Teixeira JP, Delerue-Matos C, do Carmo Pereira M, Morais S (2017) Individual and cumulative impacts of fire emissions and tobacco consumption on wildland firefighters’ total exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J hazard mater 334:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.057
Parvez F, Lauer FT, Factor-Litvak P, Liu X, Santella RM, Islam T, Eunus M, Alam N, Sarwar G, Rahman M, Ahsan H, Graziano J, Burchiel SW (2019) Assessment of arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposures on immune function among males in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE 14(5):e0216662. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216662
Patel J, Nembhard WN, Politis MD, Rocheleau CM, Langlois PH, Shaw GM, Romitti PA, Gilboa SM, Desrosiers TA, Insaf T, Lupo PJ, National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2020) Maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the risk of isolated congenital heart defects among offspring. Environ Res 186:109550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109550
Poirier MC, Lair S, Michaud R, Hernández-Ramon EE, Divi KV, Dwyer JE, Ester CD, Si NN, Ali M, Loseto LL, Raverty SA, St Leger JA, Van Bonn WG, Colegrove K, Burek-Huntington KA, Suydam R, Stimmelmayr R, Wise JP, Wise SS, Beauchamp G, Martineau D (2019) Intestinal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in a population of beluga whales with high levels of gastrointestinal cancers. Environ Mol Mutagen 60(1):29–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22251
Rahman HH, Niemann D, Munson-McGee SH (2021) Association of chronic kidney disease with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the US population. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17479-2. Advance online publication 10.1007/s11356-021-17479-2
Ravindra K, Rattan P, Mor S, Aggarwal AN (2019) Generalized additive models: building evidence of air pollution, climate change and human health. Environ Int 132:104987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104987
Reed L, Jarvis IWH, Phillips DH, Arlt VM (2020) Enhanced DNA adduct formation by benzo[a]pyrene in human liver cells lacking cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 852:503162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503162
Rezaei Kalantary R, Jaafarzadeh N, Rezvani Ghalhari M, Hesami Arani M (2021) Cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil and sediments of Iran: a systematic review study. Rev Environ Health. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0080. Advance online publication 10.1515/reveh-2021-0080
Rondelli CM, Larsen MC, N’jai A, Czuprynski CJ, Jefcoate CR (2016) PAHs target hematopoietic linages in bone marrow through Cyp1b1 primarily in mesenchymal stromal cells but not AhR: a reconstituted in vitro model. Stem cells int 2016:1753491. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1753491
Rundle AG, Gallagher D, Herbstman JB, Goldsmith J, Holmes D, Hassoun A, Oberfield S, Miller RL, Andrews H, Widen EM, Hoepner LA, Perera F (2019) Prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and childhood growth trajectories from age 5–14 years. Environ Res 177:108595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108595
Sarli CC, Dubinsky EK, Holmes KL (2010) Beyond citation analysis: a model for assessment of research impact. J Med Libr Assoc : JMLA 98(1):17–23. https://doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.98.1.008
Soltani T, Safahieh A, Zolgharnain H, Matroodi S (2019) Interactions of oxidative DNA damage and CYP1A gene expression with the liver enzymes in Klunzinger’s mullet exposed to benzo[a ]pyrene. Toxicol Rep 6:1097–1103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.10.013
Stading R, Gastelum G, Chu C, Jiang W, Moorthy B (2021) Molecular mechanisms of pulmonary carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): implications for human lung cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 76:3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.001
Torres-Moreno C, Puente-DelaCruz L, Codling G, Villa AL, Cobo M, Klanova J, Johnson-Restrepo B (2022) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in human breast milk from Colombia: Spatial occurrence, sources and probabilistic risk assessment. Environ Res 204(Pt B):111981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111981
van Eck NJ, Waltman L (2017) Citation-based clustering of publications using CitNetExplorer and VOSviewer. Scientometrics 111(2):1053–1070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2300-7
van Eck NJ, Waltman L (2010) Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics 84(2):523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
Verma PK, Sah D, Satish R, Rastogi N, Kumari KM, Lakhani A (2022) Atmospheric chemistry and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs over a semi-arid site in the Indo-Gangetic plain. J Environ Manage 317:115456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115456
Wagner M, Bolm-Audorff U, Hegewald J, Fishta A, Schlattmann P, Schmitt J, Seidler A (2015) Occupational polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and risk of larynx cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 72(3):226–233. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102317
Wang IJ, Karmaus WJ, Yang CC (2017) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure, oxidative stress, and asthma in children. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 90(3):297–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-017-1198-y
Wang Y, Zhao H, Wang T, Liu X, Ji Q, Zhu X, Sun J, Wang Q, Yao H, Niu Y, Jia Q, Su W, Chen W, Dai Y, Zhi Q, Wang W, Li Y, Gao A, Duan H (2019) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and hematotoxicity in occupational population: a two-year follow-up study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 378:114622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2019.114622
Wang Q, Xu X, Zeng Z, Hylkema MN, Cai Z, Huo X (2020) PAH exposure is associated with enhanced risk for pediatric dyslipidemia through serum SOD reduction. Environ Int 145:106132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106132
Wang Q, Xu X, Zeng Z, Zheng X, Ye K, Huo X (2020) Antioxidant alterations link polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to blood pressure in children. Sci Total Environ 732:138944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138944
Wells PG, McCallum GP, Lam KC, Henderson JT, Ondovcik SL (2010) Oxidative DNA damage and repair in teratogenesis and neurodevelopmental deficits. Birth defects research Part C, Embryo today : reviews 90(2):103–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.20177
Xie L, Lu B, Ma Y, Yin J, Zhai X, Chen C, Xie W, Zhang Y, Zheng L, Li P (2021) The 100 most-cited articles about the role of neurovascular unit in stroke 2001–2020: a bibliometric analysis. CNS Neurosci Ther 27(7):743–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13636
Yang L, Tang N, Matsuki A, Takami A, Hatakeyama S, Kaneyasu N, Nagato EG, Sato K, Yoshino A, Hayakawa K (2018) A comparison of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons long-range transported from the Asian continent to the Noto peninsula and Fukue island. Japan Asian J Atmos Environ 12:369–376. https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2018.12.4.369
Yang S, Sui J, Liu T, Wu W, Xu S, Yin L, Pu Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Shen B, Liang G (2018) Trends on PM2.5 research, 1997–2016: a bibliometric study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25(13):12284–12298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1723-x
Yang B, Shi Y, Xu S, Wang Y, Kong S, Cai Z, Wang J (2022) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon occurrence in forest soils in response to fires: a summary across sites. Environ Sci Process Impacts 24(1):32–41. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1em00377a
Yin S, Tang M, Chen F, Li T, Liu W (2017) Environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): the correlation with and impact on reproductive hormones in umbilical cord serum. Environ pollut (Barking, Essex: 1987) 220(Pt B):1429–1437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.090
Zhang Y, Cheng D, Lei Y, Song J, Xia J (2022) Spatiotemporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of a typical river located in the Loess Plateau, China: Influence of human activities and land-use changes. J Hazard Mater 424(Pt D):127744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127744
Zhong H, Chen F, Li YJ, Zhao XY, Zhang ZL, Gu ZC, Yu YT (2021) Global trends and hotspots in research of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE): a bibliometric analysis from 2010 to 2020. Ann Palliat Med 10(6):6079–6091. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-21-87
Zhou S, Zhu Q, Liu H, Jiang S, Zhang X, Peng C, Yang G, Li J, Cheng L, Zhong R, Zeng Q, Miao X, Lu Q (2021) Associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and its interaction with XRCC1 genetic polymorphism with lung cancer: a case-control study. Environ Pollut 290:118077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118077
Zhu Y, Duan X, Qin N, Li J, Tian J, Zhong Y, Chen L, Fan R, Yu Y, Wu G, Wei F (2019) Internal biomarkers and external estimation of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationships with cancer mortality in a high cancer incidence area. Sci Total Environ 688:742–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.259
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere appreciation to the support from Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Fudan University, and Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and all the people behind the WoSCC database and the VOSviewer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Lingyi Lu: conceptualization, methodology, data collection and process, writing original draft, review and editing, visualization, supervision, validation. Rong Ni: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, visualization, review and editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Lu, L., Ni, R. Bibliometric analysis of global research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and health risk between 2002 and 2021. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 84034–84048 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23047-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23047-z