Abstract
Pollutants, including dyes and heavy metals from textile industrial discharge, adversely affect the surface and groundwater resources, and pose a severe risk to the living organisms in the ecosystem. Phycoremediation of wastewater is now an emerging trend, as it is colossally available, inexpensive, eco-friendly, and has many other benefits, with high removal efficiency for undesirable substances, when compared to conventional treatment methods. Algae have a good binding affinity toward nutrients and toxic compounds because of various functional groups on its cell surface by following the mechanisms such as biosorption, bioaccumulation, or alternate biodegradation pathway. Algae-based treatments generate bioenergy feedstock as sludge, mitigate CO2, synthesize high-value-added products, and release oxygenated effluent. Algae when converted into activated carbon also show good potential against contaminants, because of its higher binding efficiency and surface area. This review provides an extensive analysis of different mechanisms involved in removal of undesirable and hazardous substances from textile wastewater using algae as green technology. It could be founded that both biosorption and biodegradation mechanisms were responsible for the removal of dye, organic, and inorganic pollutants. But for the heavy metals removal, biosorption results in higher removal efficiency. Overall, phycoremediation is a convenient technique for substantial conserving of energy demand, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and removing pollutants.
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Abbreviations
- 2-OG:
-
2-Oxoglutarate
- ADP:
-
Adenosine diphospate
- AS:
-
Asparagine synthetase
- ASN:
-
Aspargine
- ASP:
-
Aspartate
- A spat:
-
Aspartate aminotransferase
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphospate
- ATPase:
-
ATP synthase
- BOD:
-
Biological oxygen demand
- CIT:
-
Citrate
- COD:
-
Chemical oxygen demand
- DO:
-
Dissolved oxygen
- FUM:
-
Fumarate
- GDH:
-
Glutamate dehydrogenase
- GLN:
-
Glutamine
- GLU:
-
Glutamate
- GOGAT:
-
Glutamine 2-oxoglutarate amino transferase
- GS:
-
Glutamine synthetase
- H2PO4 :
-
Dihydrogen phosphate
- HPO4 2− :
-
Monohydrogen phosphate
- ICIT:
-
Isocitrate
- MAL:
-
Malate
- NADPH2 :
-
Nicotinamide‐adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- OAA:
-
Oxaloacetate
- PBR:
-
Photo bioreactor
- Pi :
-
Phospate
- RuBisCO:
-
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
- RuBP:
-
Ribulose bisphosphate
- Succ:
-
Succinate
- Succ COA:
-
Succinyl-CoA
- TN:
-
Total nitrogen
- TP:
-
Total phosphorous
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The authors wish to thank Ms. Anto S, Research scholar, Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute Technology, Tiruchirappalli for her knowledge sharing and support.
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Durgadevi Selvaraj: conceptualization, resources, methodology, writing—original draft. Navamani Kartic Dhayabaran: visualization, investigation, writing—review and editing and Arivazhagan Mahizhnan: supervision, conceptualization, writing—review and editing.
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Selvaraj, D., Dhayabaran, N.K. & Mahizhnan, A. An insight on pollutant removal mechanisms in phycoremediation of textile wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 124714–124734 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21307-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21307-6