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Evaluation of occurrence of organic, inorganic, and microbial contaminants in bottled drinking water and comparison with international guidelines: a worldwide review

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of inorganic and organic substances as well as microbial contaminants in bottled drinking water on a global scale. The findings were compared to WHO guidelines, EPA standards, European Union (EU) directive, and standards drafted by International Bottled Water Association (IBWA). Our review showed that 46% of studies focused on the organic contaminants, 25% on physicochemical parameters, 12% on trace elements, 7% on the microbial quality, and 10% on microplastics (MPs) and radionuclides elements. Overall, from the 54 studies focusing on organic contaminants (OCs) compounds, 11% of studies had higher OCs concentrations than the standard permissible limit. According to the obtained results from this review, several OCs, inorganic contaminants (IOCs), including CHCl3, CHBrCl2, DEHP, benzene, styrene, Ba, As, Hg, pb, Ag, F, NO3, and SO4 in bottled drinking water of some countries were higher than the international guidelines values that may cause risks for human health in a long period of time. Furthermore, some problematic contaminants with known or unknown health effects such as EDCs, DBP, AA, MPs, and some radionuclides (40K and 222Rn) lack maximum permissible values in bottled drinking water as stipulated by international guidelines. The risk index (HI) for OCs and IOCs (CHBrCl2, Ba, As, and Hg) was higher than 1 in adults and children, and the value of HI for CHCl3 in children was more than 1. Thus, further studies are required to have a better understanding of all contaminants levels in bottled drinking water.

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the Bushehr University of Medical Sciences (grant no.1699).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, 7514763448, Iran

    Sudabeh Pourfadakari & Sina Dobaradaran

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Niutrition, Bushehr, Iran

    Sina Dobaradaran

  3. Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    Sina Dobaradaran

  4. Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Av. La Fontana 501, Lima, 12, Lima, Peru

    Gabriel E. De-la-Torre

  5. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Azam Mohammadi

  6. Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Reza Saeedi

  7. Akademie für Menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, 65388, Schlangenbad, Germany

    Jorg Spitz

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  1. Sudabeh Pourfadakari
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  2. Sina Dobaradaran
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  3. Gabriel E. De-la-Torre
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  4. Azam Mohammadi
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  5. Reza Saeedi
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Contributions

SP: data curation, software, writing — original draft. SD: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, supervision, writing — original draft, writing — review and editing. GED-l-T: writing — review and editing. AM: writing — review and editing. RS: writing — review and editing. JS: writing — review and editing.

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Correspondence to Sina Dobaradaran.

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Pourfadakari, S., Dobaradaran, S., De-la-Torre, G.E. et al. Evaluation of occurrence of organic, inorganic, and microbial contaminants in bottled drinking water and comparison with international guidelines: a worldwide review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 55400–55414 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21213-x

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