Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic ecosystems is reason for public concern. These emerging micropollutants include a large and diverse group of organic compounds, with continuous input, high environmental persistence and potential threat to biota and human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the occurrence of twenty-seven PPCPs of various therapeutic classes (including cocaine and its primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine), in the coastal waters of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Water samples were taken in November 2020, during the low tide periods, at eight sampling points located along the coast of Santa Catarina, covering its entire geographical extension. Sampling was carried out in triplicate and at different depths of the water column. Nine compounds were detected through liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS): caffeine (12.58–119.80 ng/L), diclofenac (1.34–7.92 ng/L), atenolol (1.13–2.50 ng/L), losartan (0.43–3.20 ng/L), acetaminophen (0.21–10.04 ng/L), orphenadrine (0.07–0.09 ng/L), cocaine (0.02–0.17 ng/L), benzoylecgonine (0.01–1.1 ng/L) and carbamazepine (0.02–0.27 ng/L). The highest occurrence of these compounds was detected in the northern and central coastal region of Santa Catarina, namely in Penha and Palhoça cities. Moreover, the risk assessment showed that almost compounds (atenolol, benzoylecgonine, carbamazepine, cocaine and orphenadrine) presented no ecological risk in the recorded concentrations. However, a few compounds suggest low (caffeine and diclofenac) to moderate (acetaminophen and losartan) risk taking into consideration the acute and chronic effects for the three trophic levels (algae, crustacean and fish) tested. These compounds are usually found in areas with high population density, aggravated by tourism, because of the sanitary sewage and solid waste. Although in low concentrations, the occurrence of these chemical compounds can imply deleterious effects on the environmental health of Santa Catarina coastal zone, and therefore deserve more attention by the public authorities and environmental agencies.
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Acknowledgements
Authors want to acknowledge Daniel Temponi Lebre from the Centro de Espectrometria de Massa Aplicada — Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (CEMSA, IPEN, São Paulo, Brazil) for technical support regarding the LC–MS/MS analyses. Thanks also to Professor Ítalo Braga de Castro, from Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil) for technical support with the Manifold.
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Correia AT was supported by national funds through FCT — Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020.
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AMP: Conceptualization, sampling acquisition, data analysis and writing of the original draft. VR: Laboratorial work and review and editing of the MS. LLG: Laboratorial work and review and editing. TMNO: Review and editing and co-supervision. ATC: Sampling design, funding acquisition, supervision, writing-original draft and writing-review and editing.
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Pisetta, AM., Roveri, V., Guimarães, L.L. et al. First report on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and cocaine in the coastal waters of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and its related ecological risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 63099–63111 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20312-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20312-z