Abstract
We engineered a tiger nut residue (TNR, a low-cost agricultural waste material) through a facile and simple process to take advantage of the introduced functional groups (cetylpyridinium chloride, CPC) in the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in batch mode and further investigated its impingement on bacterial growth in a yeast-dextrose broth. The surface characterizations of the adsorbent were achieved through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The batch adsorption studies revealed that solution pH, adsorbent dose, temperature, and salt affected the adsorptive capacity of TNR-CPC. The equilibrium data were best fitted by Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 90.2 mg g–1 at 318 K and pH 3. Pseudo-second-order model best fitted the kinetics data for the adsorption process. Physisorption largely mediated the adsorption system with spontaneity and a shift in entropy of the aqueous solid-solute interface reflecting decreased randomness with an exothermic character. TNR-CPC demonstrated a good reusability potential making it highly economical and compares well with other adsorbents for decontamination of 2,4-D. The adsorption of 2,4-D proceeded through a probable trio-mechanism; electrostatic attraction between the carboxylate anion of 2,4-D and the pyridinium cation of TNR-CPC, hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl (–OH) group inherent in the TNR and the carboxyl groups in 2,4-D and a triggered π-π stacking between the benzene structures in the adsorbate and the adsorbent. TNR-CPC reported about 99% inhibition rate against both gram-positive S. aureus and gram-negative E. coli. It would be appropriate to investigate the potential of TNR-CPC as a potential replacement to the metal oxides used in wastewater treatment for antibacterial capabilities, and its effects against airborne bacteria could also be of interest.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article.
References
Aryee AA, Han RP (2022) A novel biocomposite based on peanut husk with antibacterial properties for the efficient sequestration of trimethoprim in solution: batch and column adsorption studies. Colloid Surface A 635:128051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128051
Aryee AA, Mpatani FM, Dovi E, Li QY, Wang JL, Han RP, Li ZH, Qu LB (2021a) A novel antibacterial biocomposite based on magnetic peanut husk for the removal of trimethoprim in solution: adsorption and mechanism study. J Clean Prod 329:129722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129722
Aryee AA, Mpatani F, Du YY, Kani AN, Dovi E, Han RP, Li ZH, Qu LB (2021b) Fe3O4 and iminodiacetic acid modified peanut husk as a novel adsorbent for the uptake of Cu (II) and Pb (II) in aqueous solution: characterization, equilibrium and kinetic study. Environ Pollut 268:115729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115729
Aswani MT, Yadav M, Vinod Kumar A, Tiwari S, Kumar T, Pavan Kumar MV (2020) Ultrasound-acid modified Merremia vitifolia biomass for the biosorption of herbicide 2,4-D from aqueous solution. Water Sci Technol 82:468–480. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.346
Baharum NA, Nasir HM, Ishak MY, Isa NM, Hassan MA, Aris AZ (2020) Highly efficient removal of diazinon pesticide from aqueous solutions by using coconut shell-modified biochar. Arab J Chem 13:6106–6121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.05.011
Bahrami M, Amiri MJ, Beigzadeh B (2018) Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using rice husk biochar, granular activated carbon, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a fixed bed column system. Water Sci Technol 78:1812–1821. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.467
Bazrafshan E, Kord Mostafapour F, Faridi H, Farzadkia M, Sargazi S, Sohrabi A (2013) Removal of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) from aqueous environments using single-walled carbon nanotubes. Health Scope 2:39–46. https://doi.org/10.17795/jhealthscope-7710
Binh QA, Nguyen H (2020) Investigation the isotherm and kinetics of adsorption mechanism of herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on corn cob biochar. Bioresour Technol Rep 11:100520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100520
Bojic DV, Kostic MM, Vucic MDR, Velinov ND, Najdanovic SM, Petrovic MM, Bojic AL (2019) Removal of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from water by using an ultrahighly efficient thermochemically activated carbon/Uklanjanje herbicida 2,4-dihlorofenoksi sircetne kiseline iz vode koriscenjem ultra-efikasnog termohemijski dobijenog aktivnog uglja. Hem Ind 73:223. https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND190411019B
Calisto JS, Pacheco IS, Freitas LL, Santana LK, Fagundes WS, Amaral FA, Canobre SC (2019) Adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) by the [Co-Al-Cl] layered double hydroxide. Heliyon 5:e02553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02553
Cao X, Xiao F, Zou X, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Lyu Z, Wang J, Zhou G, Lyu X (2021) Synthesis of cetylpyridinium chloride/Keggin-Al30 modified montmorillonite: experimental and molecular simulation investigation. Adv Compos Mater in Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00339-5
Chen H, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Yang Q, Li B, Bai Z (2015) Heterogeneous fenton-like catalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water with FeS. Chem Eng J 273:481–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.03.079
Cho S, Kim S, Kim T, Moon H, Kim S (2003) Adsorption characteristics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol in a fixed bed adsorber. Korean J Chem Eng 20:365–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02697254
Cosgrove S, Jefferson B, Jarvis P (2019) Pesticide removal from drinking water sources by adsorption: a review. Environ Technol Rev 8:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622515.2019.1593514
Demirhan E, Culhaoglu E (2018) Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on peanut shells: effect of Initial Concentration. Environ Sci Technol 1:23–26. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ert/issue/33146/309645
Deokar SK, Mandavgane SA, Kulkarni BD (2016) Agro-industrial waste: a low cost adsorbent for effective removal of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid herbicide in batch and packed bed modes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:16164–16175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6769-z
Dovi E, Aryee AA, Kani AN, Mpatani FM, Li JJ, Li ZH, Qu LB, Han RP (2021a) Functionalization of walnut shell by grafting amine groups to enhance the adsorption of Congo red from water in batch and fixed-bed column modes. J Environ Chem Eng 9:106301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106301
Dovi E, Kani AN, Aryee AA, Jie M, Li J, Li ZH, Qu LB, Han RP (2021b) Decontamination of bisphenol A and Congo red dye from solution by using CTAB functionalised walnut shell. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:28732–28749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12550-4
Ebrahimi R, Maleki A, Rezaee R, Daraei H, Safari M, McKay G, Lee S, Jafari A (2020) Synthesis and application of Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for photodegradation of 2,4-D from aqueous solution. Arab J Sci Eng 46:6409–6422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-05071-8
El Harmoudi H, El Gaini L, Daoudi E, Rhazi M, Boughaleb Y, El Mhammedi MA, Migalska-Zalas A, Bakasse M (2014) Removal of 2,4-D from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using two biopolymers: chitin and chitosan and their optical properties. Opt Mater 36:1471–1477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2014.03.040
Goscianska J, Olejnik A (2019) Removal of 2,4-D herbicide from aqueous solution by aminosilane-grafted mesoporous carbons. Adsorption 25:345–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-019-00015-7
Gülen J, Aslan S (2020) Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solution using carbonized chest nut as low cost adsorbent: kinetic and thermodynamic. Z Phys Chem (n f) 234:461–484. https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2019-0004
Hameed BH, Salman JM, Ahmad AL (2009) Adsorption isotherm and kinetic modeling of 2,4-D pesticide on activated carbon derived from date stones. J Hazard Mater 163:121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.069
Herrera-García U, Castillo J, Patiño-Ruiz D, Solano R, Herrera A (2019) Activated carbon from Yam peels modified with Fe3O4 for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in aqueous solution. Water 11:2342. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112342
Hue HK, Anh LV, Trong DB (2018) Study of the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from the aqueous solution onto activated carbon. Vietnam J Chem 56:208–213. https://doi.org/10.1002/vjch.201800015
Isaeva VI, Kulaishin SA, Vedenyapina MD, Chernyshev VV, Kapustin GI, Vergun VV, Kustov LM (2021) Influence of the porous structure and functionality of the MIL type metal-organic frameworks and carbon matrices on the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Russ Chem Bull 70:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-021-3058-x
Isaeva VI, Vedenyapina MD, Kulaishin SA, Lobova AA, Chernyshev VV, Kapustin GI, Tkachenko OP, Vergun VV, Arkhipov DA, Nissenbaum VD, Kustov LM (2019) Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in an aqueous medium on nanoscale MIL-53(Al) type materials. Dalton Trans 48:15091–15104. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9DT03037A
Kani AN, Dovi E, Mpatani FM, Li ZH, Han RP, Qu LB (2020) Tiger nut residue as a renewable adsorbent for methylene blue removal from solution: adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies. Desalin Water Treat 191:426–437. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25735
Kani AN, Dovi E, Aryee AA, Mpatani FM, Han RP, Li ZH, Qu LB (2021a) Polyethyleneimine modified tiger nut residue for removal of Congo red from solution. Desalin Water Treat 215:209–221. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.26765
Kani AN, Dovi E, Mpatani FM, Aryee AA, Han RP, Li ZH, Qu LB (2021b) Pollutant decontamination by polyethyleneimine-engineered agricultural waste materials: a review. Environ Chem Lett 20:705–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01328-2
Kuśmierek K, Szala M, Świątkowski A (2016) Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solutions on carbonaceous materials obtained by combustion synthesis. J Taiwan Inst Chem E 63:371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.03.036
Liu W, Yang Q, Yang Z, Wang W (2016) Adsorption of 2,4-D on magnetic graphene and mechanism study. Colloid Surface A 509:367–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.09.039
Liu S, Chen M, Cao X, Li G, Zhang D, Li M, Meng N, Yin J, Yan B (2020) Chromium (VI) removal from water using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-modified montmorillonite. Sep Purif Technol 241:116732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116732
Moreno-Castilla C (2004) Adsorption of organic molecules from aqueous solutions on carbon materials. Carbon 42:83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2003.09.022
Mpatani FM, Aryee AA, Kani AN, Guo Q, Dovi E, Qu LB, Li ZH, Han RP (2020) Uptake of micropollutant-bisphenol A, methylene blue and neutral red onto a novel bagasse-β-cyclodextrin polymer by adsorption process. Chemosphere 259:127439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127439
Mpatani FM, Aryee AA, Han RP, Kani AN, Li ZH, Qu LB (2021) Green fabrication of a novel cetylpyridinium-bagasse adsorbent for sequestration of micropollutant 2,4-D herbicide in aqueous system and its antibacterial properties against S. aureus and E. coli. J Environ Chem Eng 9:106714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106714
Nejati K, Davary S, Saati M (2013) Study of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) removal by Cu-Fe-layered double hydroxide from aqueous solution. Appl Surf Sci 280:67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.04.086
Njoku VO, Hameed BH (2011) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from corncob by chemical activation with H3PO4 for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid adsorption. Chem Eng J 173:391–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.07.075
Nnaji CC, Agim AE, Mama CN, Emenike PC, Ogarekpe NM (2021) Equilibrium and thermodynamic investigation of biosorption of nickel from water by activated carbon made from palm kernel chaff. Sci Rep 11:7808. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86932-6
Poiana M, Alexa E, Munteanu M, Gligor R, Moigradean D, Mateescu C (2015) Use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to detect the changes in extra virgin olive oil by adulteration with soybean oil and high temperature heat treatment. Open Chem 13:689–698. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2015-0110
Ponnuchamy M, Kapoor A, Senthil Kumar P, Vo DN, Balakrishnan A, Mariam Jacob M, Sivaraman P (2021) Sustainable adsorbents for the removal of pesticides from water: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19:2425–2463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01183-1
Revell LE, Williamson BE (2013) Why are some reactions slower at higher temperatures? J Chem Educ 90:1024–1027. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed400086w
Şahin S, Emik S (2018) Fast and highly efficient removal of 2,4-D using amino-functionalized poly (glycidyl methacrylate) adsorbent: optimization, equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. J Mol Liq 260:195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.091
Salman JM, Hameed BH (2010) Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and carbofuran pesticides onto granular activated carbon. Desalination 256:129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.02.002
Sanagi MM, Salleh S, Ibrahim WAW, Naim AA (2011) Determination of organophosphorus pesticides using molecularly imprinted polymer solid phase extraction. Malays J Anal Sci 15:175–183
Shi Z, Neoh KG, Kang ET (2007) Antibacterial and adsorption characteristics of activated carbon functionalized with quaternary ammonium moieties. Ind Eng Chem Res 46:439–445. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0608096
Singh S, Kumar V, Datta S, Wani AB, Dhanjal DS, Romero R, Singh J (2020) Glyphosate uptake, translocation, resistance emergence in crops, analytical monitoring, toxicity and degradation: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:663–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00969-z
Tran HN, You S, Hosseini-Bandegharaei A, Chao H (2017) Mistakes and inconsistencies regarding adsorption of contaminants from aqueous solutions: a critical review. Water Res 120:88–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.014
Vergili I, Barlas H (2009) Removal of 2,4-D, MCPA and metalaxyl from water using Lewatit VP OC 1163 as sorbent. Desalination 249:1107–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.06.043
Vyazovkin S (2016) A time to search: finding the meaning of variable activation energy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:18643–18656. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp02491b
Wang H, Tian T, Wang D, Xu F, Ren W (2021a) Adsorption of bisphenol A and 2,4-dichlorophenol onto cetylpyridinium chloride-modified pine sawdust: a kinetic and thermodynamic study. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17157-3
Wang JL, Liu X, Yang MM, Han HY, Zhang SS, Ouyang GF, Han RP (2021b) Removal of tetracycline using modified wheat straw from solution in batch and column modes. J Mol Liq 338:116698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116698
Wu H, Gong L, Zhang X, He F, Li Z (2021) Bifunctional porous polyethyleneimine-grafted lignin microspheres for efficient adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid over a wide pH range and controlled release. Chem Eng J 411:128539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128539
Yang C, Wöll C (2017) IR spectroscopy applied to metal oxide surfaces: adsorbate vibrations and beyond. Adv Phys X 2:373–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/23746149.2017.1296372
Zhang RD, Zhang JH, Zhang XN, Dou CC, Han RP (2014) Adsorption of Congo Red from aqueous solutions using cationic surfactant modified wheat straw in batch mode: kinetic and equilibrium study. J Taiwan Inst Chem E 45:2578–2583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.06.009
Zhu K, Baig SA, Xu J, Sheng T, Xu X (2012) Electrochemical reductive dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using a palladium/nickel foam electrode. Electrochim Acta 69:389–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.038
Zou X, Xiao F, Liu S, Cao X, Li L, Chen M, Dong L, Lyu X, Gai Y (2020) Preparation and application of CPC/Keggin-Al30 modified montmorillonite composite for Cr(VI) removal. J Water Process Eng 37:101348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101348
Funding
The research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0401402–04) and Zhongyuan Scholars Foundation (202101510005).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
1. Alexander Nti Kani (mykani@yahoo.com): contributed to conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing-original draft, review and editing.
2. Evans Dovi (evansdovy@gmail.com): contributed to formal analysis, investigation, writing-review and editing.
3. Aaron Albert Aryee (a.niiayi@yahoo.com): contributed to writing-review and editing.
4. Runping Han(rphan67@zzu.edu.cn): contributed to conceptualization, resources, project administration, writing-review and editing, supervision and funding acquisition.
5. Lingbo Qu (qulingbo@zzu.edu.cn): contributed to resources and funding acquisition
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kani, A.N., Dovi, E., Aryee, A.A. et al. Efficient removal of 2,4-D from solution using a novel antibacterial adsorbent based on tiger nut residues: adsorption and antibacterial study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 64177–64191 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20257-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20257-3