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Metal biomonitoring using fractioned dust to investigate urinary and oxidative stress biomarkers among occupationally exposed chromite mine workers

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Abstract

Exposure to heavy metals has been associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) among exposed individuals in occupational and environmental settings. Dust is considered a significant contributor to airborne metal exposure, and previous data suggest that their levels in dust may vary based on its particle sizes. However, no biomonitoring study has been reported so far to address the metal-induced oxidative stress using different dust fractions, particularly in occupational settings. We designed a systematic cross-sectional study involving 110 chromite mine workers stratified into loaders (n = 28), extractors (n = 47) and operators (n = 35), and controls (n = 30) to find out the association between dust-bound metal exposure and oxidative stress using urinary creatinine–adjusted metal level as a biomarker of metal exposure. Results suggested elevated urinary levels of Cr 51.34 ± 8.6 along with Pb 34.29 ± 4.39, Cd 21.1 ± 2.6, and Ni 18.98 ± 3.01 µg/g creatinine in exposed (extractor group) workers. Correlating metal levels with oxidative stress revealed elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of 62.28 ± 5.52 nM/dl among the extractors showing high levels of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) was also found significantly correlated (P = 0.000) with urinary toxic metal levels among exposed workers. We report the association between metal exposure and oxidative stress in exposed mining workers that may give rise to workers’ susceptibility towards genetic and non-genetic health implications. The current study emphasized on the need for exposure control measures in the chromite ore mining activity areas.

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Abbreviations

FLD:

Fairly large deposits

PBS:

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics

PMD:

Pakistan metrological department

COP:

Chromite ore processing plants

BM:

Body mass index

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

USGS:

United States Geological Survey

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

CAT:

Catalase

MDA:

Blood malondialdehyde

GST:

Glutathione S-transferase

GSH:

Glutathione

NBT:

Nitro blue tetrazolium

TBA:

Thiobarbituric acid

TCA:

Trichloroacetic acid

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express sincere thanks to the mine authorities and volunteer workers for participating and establishing this study. We greatly acknowledge Mr. Hamdullah for his technical assistance in sample collection and preparation.

Funding

Current research was funded by the Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, and did not receive any specific funding from an external source.

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Author notes

  1. Changaiz Khan and Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Changaiz Khan, Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman & Riffat Naseem Malik

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  1. Changaiz Khan
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Contributions

Current research was part of M. Phil dissertation of CK. CK and MYA Rehman were involved in study design, sampling, analytical procedures, as well as the manuscript write-up of this study. RN Malik supervised this whole study and revised the manuscript during the drafting process.

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Correspondence to Riffat Naseem Malik.

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Ethical approval

Current study was ethically approved by the Bioethics Committee (BEC) of Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, with protocol number BEC-FBS-QAU-98 and was conducted under compliance with the declaration of Helsinki (W.M.A 2013).

Consent to participate

Informed consent to participate in the study was acquired from the recruited subjects, and all the respondents were informed about the nature and possible outcome of the current study.

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Highlights

• First biomonitoring study on chromite mining workers exposed to bound metals

• Estimation using urinary metals and oxidative stress biomarkers

• Smallest (< 75 µm) particle size fraction contained the highest metal distribution factor.

• Strong correlation of Cr with high MDA and reduced antioxidant activities

Supplementary Information

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Supplementary file1 (DOCX 181 KB)

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Khan, C., Rehman, M.Y.A. & Malik, R.N. Metal biomonitoring using fractioned dust to investigate urinary and oxidative stress biomarkers among occupationally exposed chromite mine workers. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 31164–31179 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18294-5

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