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Effectiveness of UV/SO32− advanced reduction process for degradation and mineralization of trichlorfon pesticide in water: identification of intermediates and toxicity assessment

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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the degradability, mineralization, proposed decomposition pathway, intermediate products, and toxicity of effluent from trichlorfon (TCF) degradation in water by UV/sulfite-advanced reduction process (UV/S-ARP). This study was experimentally performed in a photochemical reactor as a batch operation. The source of light was a UV lamp. Sulfite ion was used as the reducing agent. After the treatment, the residual concentration of TCF was measured by liquid chromatography equipped with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). UV/S-ARP had the highest performance at an initial pH of 7, a sulfite ion concentration of 120 mg/L, a contact time of 60 min, and a TCF concentration of 10 mg/L. Under such conditions, the degradation efficiency of TCF was 96.0%, and the amount of mineralization based on the removal of TOC and COD was 74.6% and 79.5%, respectively. The results of the degradation mechanism showed that eaq− and SO3•− have played the greatest role in dechlorination and transformation of TCF. Based on the identified intermediates, more complex compounds are transformed into compounds with simpler structures by UV/S-ARP. Evaluating the toxicity of TCF by-products via ECOSAR bioassay showed that as-generated intermediates do not have acute and chronic adverse effects on fish. The results of our study indicated that the advanced reduction process could be an effective process for the purification of TCF-contaminated water.

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Data availability

The data used and/or analyzed is available on requests from the corresponding author by emailing to h.godini@absuma.ac.ir

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Funding

This research was funded by Alborze University of Medical Sciences (grant number: 1397–03-05–213 and ethics code: IR.ABZUMS.REC.1398.012).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Bahareh Jafari & Hatam Godini

  2. Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment (HSE), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Hatam Godini & Enayatollah Seydi

  3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran

    Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani

  4. Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

    Enayatollah Seydi

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  1. Bahareh Jafari
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  2. Hatam Godini
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  3. Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani
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  4. Enayatollah Seydi
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Contributions

BJ has performed experiments and written the draft of the manuscript, HG contributed to the design and implementation of the research and has given the idea of the research, RDCS contributed to the design of the study and edited the manuscript, and ES contributed to the implementation of the study and the revision of the paper.

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Correspondence to Hatam Godini.

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Jafari, B., Godini, H., Soltani, R.D.C. et al. Effectiveness of UV/SO32− advanced reduction process for degradation and mineralization of trichlorfon pesticide in water: identification of intermediates and toxicity assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 20409–20420 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17274-z

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