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Antioxidant enzyme responses and metabolite functioning of Pisum sativum L. to sewage sludge in arid and semi-arid environments

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Abstract

The productivity of plants is a direct variant of the countless biotic and abiotic stresses to which a plant is exposed in an environment. This study aimed to investigate the capabilities of leguminous plant garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) to resist water deficit conditions in arid and semi-arid areas when applied with varied doses of sludge for growth response. The effect of sludge doses was evaluated on crop yield, antioxidant enzymes, viz., ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR), and metabolites (ascorbic acid, glutathione, and total protein content). The effective sludge concentrations with respect to seed weight and crop yield were found to be in the following trend: D2 (6.25%)>D3 (12.5%)>D1 (2.5%)>D0 (control) under organic amendment (OA). Conversely, a high dose of the sludge reduced the seed weight and total crop yield. The sludge doses D2 under arid and semi-arid conditions along with organic amendments (OA) significantly enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity, whereas sludge dose D3 with OA ominously regulates the activity of these enzymes. Besides, seeds depicted a considerable increase in ascorbic acid, glutathione, and total protein content in arid and semi-arid conditions upon the application of sludge with OA. Sewage sludge as a source of nutrients indirectly enhances crop yield, antioxidant enzymes, and antioxidant metabolites. Thus, it improves the defense mechanism, reduces abnormal protein glycation, and depletes the susceptibility of protein to proteolysis.

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Abbreviations

PGPR:

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

OA:

Organic amendment

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

RCBD:

Randomized complete block design

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

NBT:

Nitroblue tetrazolium

EDTA:

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

NADH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

RDF:

Recommended dose of fertilizer

GSSG:

Glutathione disulfide

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

FW:

Fresh weight

TPC:

Total protein content

CAT:

Catalase

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Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under the grant no. G: 460-130-1440. The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks the DSR technical and financial support.

Funding

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under grant no. G: 460-130-1440.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Hesham F. Alharby & Khalid M. Alghamdi

  2. Division of Environmental Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Kashmir, Srinagar, 190025, India

    Rouf Ahmad Bhat

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  1. Khalid Rehman Hakeem
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  2. Hesham F. Alharby
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  3. Khalid M. Alghamdi
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Contributions

Khalid Rehman Hakeem and Rouf Ahmad Bhat have designed and performed the experiments. They have also written the original manuscript and analyzed the data. Hesham F. Alharby and Khalid M. Alghamdi have analyzed the data, interpreted the results, and critically edited the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Khalid Rehman Hakeem.

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Hakeem, .R., Alharby, H.F., Alghamdi, K.M. et al. Antioxidant enzyme responses and metabolite functioning of Pisum sativum L. to sewage sludge in arid and semi-arid environments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 13201–13210 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16620-5

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