Abstract
A large number of studies have been conducted for clarifying toxicological mechanisms of particulate matter (PM) aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of PM and providing biological endpoints such as inflammation, perturbation of cell cycle, oxidative stress, or DNA damage. However, although several studies have presented some effects, there is still no consensus on the determinants of biological responses. This review attempts to summarize all past research conducted in recent years on the physicochemical properties of environmental PM in different places and the relationship between different PM components and PM potential cytotoxicity on the human lung epithelial cells. Among 447 papers with our initial principles, a total of 50 articles were selected from 1986 to April 2020 based on the chosen criteria for review. According to the results of selected studies, it is obvious that cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells is created both directly or indirectly by transition metals (such as Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and ions that formed on the surface of particles. In the selected studies, the findings of the correlation analysis indicate that there is a significant relationship between cell viability reduction and secretion of inflammatory mediators. As a result, it seems that the observed biological responses are related to the composition and the physicochemical properties of the PMs. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of PM should be considered when explaining PM cytotoxicity, and long-term research data will lead to improved strategies to reduce air pollution.
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Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this review are included in this published article.
Change history
25 September 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16646-9
Abbreviations
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- WST-1 assays:
-
The water-soluble tetrazolium
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- human A549 cell:
-
Adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells
- MDH assay:
-
Malate dehydrogenase
- DCFH-DA test:
-
Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate
- TNFα:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
- IL-6:
-
Interleukin 6
- IL-8:
-
Interleukin 8
- MCP-1:
-
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- IL-1β:
-
Interleukin1 beta
- GM-CSF:
-
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- TGF-β1:
-
Transforming growth factor-beta1
- COPD:
-
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences for the financial support of this research.
Search terms
(particular matter OR PM2.5 OR PM10 OR PM) AND (lung epithelial cell OR A549 OR lung cells OR BEAS-2B cell OR Toxicity OR cytotoxic)
Funding
This review is the result of Grant No. 98-4-61-15633, which had been approved by Iran University of Medical Sciences.
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Samira Norzaee and Majid Kermani: Design of the article, writing-original draft preparation, drafting of the article, revision to the text, and final approval of the article
Tahere Rahmatinia and Vahide Oskoei: Literature search and data analysis and writing-review and editing
Abbas Shahsavani and Mahdi Farzadkia: Writing and final approval of the article
Mohammad Hossein Kazemi: Review and revision to the text
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Kermani, ., Rahmatinia, T., Oskoei, V. et al. Potential cytotoxicity of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bounded to particulate matter: a review on in vitro studies on human lung epithelial cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 55888–55904 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16306-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16306-y