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Application of the Paracentrotus lividus sea-urchin embryo-larval bioassay to the marine pollution biomonitoring program in the Tunisian coast

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Abstract

The pollution of the marine environment by treated and untreated effluents has increased due to human activities. Monitoring the marine ecosystem is nowadays a global concern. In this work, we evaluated the effect of contaminated and uncontaminated seawater, from different Tunisian coastal areas, on the fertilization, gastrulation, and embryo-larval development events of sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus). The station of Salakta (SA) is considered as a control station, while the stations of Hamdoun Wadi (HW), Port of Monastir (PM), Karaia Monastir (KM), Teboulba (TE), and Khniss Lagoon (KL) are considered to be contaminated stations. The analysis of seawater physicochemical characteristics showed that levels of the total suspended matter (TSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), and nitrate (NO3−) were lower in the seawater of the reference site Salakta (SA) when compared to those of the contaminated seawater sites. In addition, a very strong variation in the levels of trace metals in seawaters sampled in the studied sites was noted. In fact, the highest concentrations of Pb and Cu were observed in Hamdoun Wadi (HW), port of Monastir (PM), and Karaia Monastir (KM), while the highest concentration of Zn was noted in the Teboulba lagoon (TE) and Khniss (LK). Alterations in physicochemical characteristics as well as elevated trace metal levels in the studied seawater samples were correlated with reduced fertility rate, gastrulation rate, and the frequency of normal sea urchin larvae. The total absence of normal sea urchin pluteus larvae in the sea waters of heavily polluted sites proves the great sensitivity of the larval frequency to mixed pollution. This work recommends the utility of urchin fertilization and gastrulation rates and normal pluteus larval frequencies as useful bioassays to monitor the exposure of marine ecosystems to mixed pollution.

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Data availability

The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge Pr. Hedi Ben Mansour, head of the Research Unit for Environmental Analysis and Processes (UR17ES32) (APAE) of the Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology of Mahdia (ISSATM), for their help in the seawaters physicochemical parameters and trace metals analyses.

Funding

This work was supported by a fund from the Ministry of Scientific Research and Technology, University of Monastir, Tunisia (Research Laboratory Bioresources: Integrative Biology and Valorization, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Tunisia).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology & Valorization (LR 14ES06), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar HAdded, 74,5000, Monastir, PB, Tunisia

    Chayma Gharred, Maroua Jenzri & Tahar Gharred

  2. Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology and Aquatic Bioproducts (B3Aqua), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, 59, 5000, Monastir, BP, Tunisia

    Zied Bouraoui & Hamadi Guerbej

  3. Research Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar HAdded, 74, 5000, Monastir, PB, Tunisia

    Jamel Jebali

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  1. Chayma Gharred
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CG: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft; MJ: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation; Formal analysis; ZB: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation; HG: Methodology, Investigation; JJ: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation; GT: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation. All authors participated in the final writing—review and editing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Chayma Gharred.

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Gharred, ., Jenzri, M., Bouraoui, Z. et al. Application of the Paracentrotus lividus sea-urchin embryo-larval bioassay to the marine pollution biomonitoring program in the Tunisian coast. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 5787–5797 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16101-9

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