Abstract
According to the characteristics of desulfurization wastewater, A new capacitive deionization (CDI) device was designed to study the desalination characteristics of desulfurization wastewater in this paper. The experiments investigated the desalination efficiency under different conditions which find that the best desalination efficiency is achieved at a voltage of 1.2V, pH=11 and 50°C. Besides, ion adsorption is more favorable under acidic and alkaline conditions. The anion and cation removal performance experiments showed that the order of cation removal is Mg2+>Na+>Ca2+>K+ and the order of anion removal is Cl->CO32->NO3->SO42->HCO3-. The mechanism of CDI was studied and analyzed by the isothermal adsorption model and COMSOL simulation software. It was found that the Freundlich model and Redlich-Peterson model have a good fit with the experimental results. The experiments show that the CDI device has excellent stability. CDI device was used to treat actual desulfurization wastewater. Furthermore, the study provides theoretical support for the industrial application of CDI for desulfurization wastewater treatment in the future.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- Q 0 :
-
Constant in Langmuir model (mg/g)
- b :
-
Constant in Langmuir model (L/mg)
- C e :
-
Concentration of adsorbate in solution at equilibrium (mg/L)
- q e :
-
Electrical adsorption capacity at equilibrium (mg/g)
- q t :
-
Electrical adsorption capacity at t (mg/g)
- K F :
-
Constant in Freundlich model (mg/g)/(mg/L)1/n
- n :
-
Constant in Freundlich model
- K RP :
-
Constant in Redlich Peterson model (L/g)
- a RP :
-
Constant in Redlich Peterson model (L/mg)
- Β :
-
Constant in Redlich Peterson model
- V :
-
Volume of solution (L)
- v :
-
Scan rate (mV/s)
- V c :
-
High voltage for CV
- V a :
-
Low voltage for CV
- K 1 :
-
Constant in pseudo-first-order model (g/min)
- K 2 :
-
Constant in pseudo-second-order model (g/mg*min)
- Q e,i exp :
-
Experimental value of Qe
- Q e,i cal :
-
Predicted value of Qe
- N :
-
Number of observations in the experimental isotherm
- I :
-
Electric current density
- P :
-
Number of parameter in regression model
- t :
-
Time (min)
- C 0 :
-
The initial concentration of the solution
- C t :
-
The concentration of the solution at T
- C :
-
Specific capacitance
- m :
-
The quality of the adsorbent material (g)
- MPSD:
-
Marquardt’s percent standard deviation
References
Anderson MA, Cudero AL, Palma J (2010) Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical means of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparison to present desalination practices: Will it compete? Electrochim Acta 55(12):3845–3856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.012
Bai Z, Hu C, Liu H, Qu J (2019) Selective adsorption of fluoride from drinking water using NiAl-layered metal oxide film electrode. J Colloid Interface Sci 539:146–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.062
Bharath G, Rambabu K, Banat F, Hai A, Arangadi AF, Ponpandian N (2019) Enhanced electrochemical performances of peanut shell derived activated carbon and its Fe3O4 nanocomposites for capacitive deionization of Cr(VI) ions. Sci Total Environ 691:713–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.069
Cai W, Yan J, Hussin T, Liu J (2017) Nafion-AC-based asymmetric capacitive deionization. Electrochim Acta 225:407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.069
Chen B, Johnson EJ, Chefetz B, Zhu L, Xing B (2005) Sorption of polar and nonpolar aromatic organic contaminants by plant cuticular materials: role of polarity and accessibility. Environ Sci Technol 39(16):6138–6146. https://doi.org/10.1021/es050622q
Chong LG, Chen PA, Huang JY, Huang HL, Wang HP (2018) Capacitive deionization of a RO brackish water by AC/graphene composite electrodes. Chemosphere (Oxford) 191:296–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.064
Conidi C, Macedonio F, Ali A, Cassano A, Criscuoli A, Argurio P, Drioli E (2018) Treatment of flue gas desulfurization wastewater by an integrated membrane-based process for approaching zero liquid discharge. Membranes (Basel) 8(4):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes8040117
Cui L, Li G, Li Y, Yang B, Zhang L, Dong Y, Ma C (2017) Electrolysis-electrodialysis process for removing chloride ion in wet flue gas desulfurization wastewater (DW): influencing factors and energy consumption analysis. Chem Eng Res Design 123:240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.05.016
Divyapriya G, Kumar KV, Rajesh L, Nambi IM (2020) Electro-enhanced removal of perchlorate ions from aqueous solution using capacitive deionization process. J Industr Eng Chem (Seoul, Korea) 89:351–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2020.06.002
El-Khaiary MI, Malash GF (2011) Common data analysis errors in batch adsorption studies. Hydrometallurgy 105(3-4):314–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.11.005
Fu F, Wang Q (2011) Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. J Environ Manag 92(3):407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.011
Gaikwad MS, Balomajumder C (2017) Simultaneous electrosorptive removal of chromium(VI) and fluoride ions by capacitive deionization (CDI): multicomponent isotherm modeling and kinetic study. Sep Purif Technol 186:272–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.017
Gaikwad MS, Balomajumder C, Tiwari AK (2020) Acid treated RHWBAC electrode performance for Cr(VI) removal by capacitive deionization and CFD analysis study. Chemosphere (Oxford) 254:126781–126781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126781
Gao X, Omosebi A, Landon J, Liu K (2015) Surface charge enhanced carbon electrodes for stable and efficient capacitive deionization using inverted adsorption-desorption behavior. Energy Environ Sci 8(3):897–909. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ee03172e
Gingerich DB, Bartholomew TV, Mauter MS, Carnegie Mellon Univ., P. P. U. S (2018) Technoeconomic optimization of emerging technologies for regulatory analysis. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6(2):2370–2378. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03821
Hassan AS, Darwish MA (2014) Performance of thermal vapor compression. Desalination 335(1):41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.12.004
Hassanvand A, Chen GQ, Webley PA, Kentish SE (2018) A comparison of multicomponent electrosorption in capacitive deionization and membrane capacitive deionization. Water Res (Oxford) 131:100–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.015
Hemmatifar A, Oyarzun DI, Palko JW, Hawks SA, Stadermann M, Santiago JG, Lawrence Livermore National Lab. LLNL, L. C. U. S (2017) Equilibria model for pH variations and ion adsorption in capacitive deionization electrodes. Water Res (Oxford) 122(C):387–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.036
Hong SP, Yoon H, Lee J, Kim C, Kim S, Lee J, Lee C, Yoon J (2020) Selective phosphate removal using layered double hydroxide/reduced graphene oxide (LDH/rGO) composite electrode in capacitive deionization. J Colloid Interface Sci 564:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.068
Huang KZ, Tang HL (2020) Temperature and desorption mode matter in capacitive deionization process for water desalination. Environ Technol 41(26):3456–3463. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2019.1611941
Huang Y, Chen Y, Guo X, Zheng C (2017) Experimental study on the stability of the ClHgSO3 − in desulfurization wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24(20):17031–17040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9359-9
Huo S, Song X, Zhao Y, Ni W, Wang H, Li K (2020) Insight into the significant contribution of intrinsic carbon defects for the high-performance capacitive desalination of brackish water. J Mater Chem A, Mater Energy Sustain 8(38):19927–19937. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta07014a
Iaquaniello G, Salladini A, Mari A, Mabrouk AA, Fath HES (2014) Concentrating solar power (CSP) system integrated with MED–RO hybrid desalination. Desalination 336(1):121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.12.030
Jaramillo J, Álvarez PM, Gómez-Serrano V (2010) Oxidation of activated carbon by dry and wet methods surface chemistry and textural modifications. Fuel Process Technol 91(11):1768–1775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.07.018
Jeon YS, Cheong SI, Rhim JW (2017) Design shape of CDI cell applied with APSf and SPEEK and performance in MCDI. Macromol Res 25(7):712–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-017-5064-2
Jia F, Wang J (2018) Treatment of flue gas desulfurization wastewater with near-zero liquid discharge by nanofiltration-membrane distillation process. Sep Sci Technol 53(1):146–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2017.1379539
Jin W, Hu M (2020) Cobalt oxide, sulfide and phosphide-decorated carbon felt for the capacitive deionization of lead ions. Sep Purif Technol 237:116343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116343
Koch A, Krzton A, Finqueneisel G, Heintz O, Weber J, Zimny T (1998) A study of carbonaceous char oxidation in air by semi-quantitative FTIR spectroscopy. Fuel (Guildford) 77(6):563–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(97)00157-9
Kumar S, Zafar M, Prajapati JK, Kumar S, Kannepalli S (2011) Modeling studies on simultaneous adsorption of phenol and resorcinol onto granular activated carbon from simulated aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 185(1):287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09032
Lee S, Kim Y, Hong S (2018) Treatment of industrial wastewater produced by desulfurization process in a coal-fired power plant via FO-MD hybrid process. Chemosphere (Oxford) 210:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.180
Li H, Lu T, Pan L, Zhang Y, Sun Z (2009) Electrosorption behavior of graphene in NaCl solutions. J Mater Chem 19(37):6773–6779. https://doi.org/10.1039/b907703k
Liu N, Sun S, Hou C (2019) Studying the electrosorption performance of activated carbon electrodes in batch-mode and single-pass capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 215:403–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.029
Liu G, Qiu L, Deng H, Wang J, Yao L, Deng L (2020a) Ultrahigh surface area carbon nanosheets derived from lotus leaf with super capacities for capacitive deionization and dye adsorption. Appl Surf Sci 524:146485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146485
Liu H, Zhang J, Xu X, Wang Q (2020b) A polyoxometalate-based binder-free capacitive deionization electrode for highly efficient sea water desalination. Chem Eur J 26(19):4403–4409. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201905606
Luo Z, Wang D, Zhu D, Xu J, Jiang H, Geng W, Wei W, Lian Z (2019) Separation of fluoride and chloride ions from ammonia-based flue gas desulfurization slurry using a two-stage electrodialysis. Chem Eng Res Design 147:73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2019.05.003
Mossad M, Zou L (2012) A study of the capacitive deionisation performance under various operational conditions. J Hazard Mater 213-214:491–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.036
Moustafa HM, Obaid M, Nassar MM, Abdelkareem MA, Mahmoud MS (2020) Titanium dioxide-decorated rGO as an effective electrode for ultrahigh-performance capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 235:116178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116178
Ozkaya B (2006) Adsorption and desorption of phenol on activated carbon and a comparison of isotherm models. J Hazard Mater 129(1-3):158–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.08.025
Quan X, Fu Z, Yuan L, Zhong M, Mi R, Yang X, Yi Y, Wang C (2017) Capacitive deionization of NaCl solutions with ambient pressure dried carbon aerogel microsphere electrodes. RSC Adv 7(57):35875–35882. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra05226j
Rezma S, Assaker IB, Litaiem Y, Chtourou R, Hafiane A, Deleuze H (2019) Microporous activated carbon electrode derived from date stone without use of binder for capacitive deionization application. Mater Res Bull 111:222–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.11.030
Senoussi H, Bouhidel KE (2018) Feasibility and optimisation of a batch mode capacitive deionization (BM CDI) process for textile cationic dyes (TCD) removal and recovery from industrial wastewaters. J Clean Prod 205:721–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.026
Shuangchen M, Jin C, Gongda C, Weijing Y, Sijie Z (2016) Research on desulfurization wastewater evaporation: present and future perspectives. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58:1143–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.252
Sousa P, Soares A, Monteiro E, Rouboa A (2014) A CFD study of the hydrodynamics in a desalination membrane filled with spacers. Desalination 349:22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.06.019
Thamilselvan A, Govindan K, Nesaraj AS, Maheswari SU, Oren Y, Noel M, James EJ (2018) Investigation on the effect of organic dye molecules on capacitive deionization of sodium sulfate salt solution using activated carbon cloth electrodes. Electrochim Acta 279:24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.053
Wang S, Lin H, Ru B, Sun W, Wang Y, Luo Z (2014) Comparison of the pyrolysis behavior of pyrolytic lignin and milled wood lignin by using TG–FTIR analysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 108:78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.014
Wang C, Chen L, Liu S, Zhu L (2018a) Nitrite desorption from activated carbon fiber during capacitive deionization (CDI) and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 559:392–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.072
Wang M, Xu X, Li Y, Lu T, Pan L (2018b) Enhanced desalination performance of anion-exchange membrane capacitive deionization via effectively utilizing cathode oxidation. Desalination 443:221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.06.002
Wang G, Yan T, Zhang J, Shi L, Zhang D (2020a) Trace-Fe-enhanced capacitive deionization of saline water by boosting electron transfer of electro-adsorption sites. Environ Sci Technol 54(13):8411–8419. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01518
Wang T, Liang H, Bai L, Liu B, Zhu X, Wang J, Xing J, Ren N, Li G (2020b) Desalination performance and fouling mechanism of capacitive deionization: effects of natural organic matter. J Electrochem Soc 167(4):43501. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab7177
Xu P, Drewes JE, Heil D, Wang G (2008) Treatment of brackish produced water using carbon aerogel-based capacitive deionization technology. Water Res (Oxford) 42(10-11):2605–2617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.011
Yang K, Ying T, Yiacoumi S, Tsouris C, Vittoratos ES (2001) Electrosorption of ions from aqueous solutions by carbon aerogel: an electrical double-layer model. Langmuir 17(6):1961–1969. https://doi.org/10.1021/la001527s
You S, Tasi C, Millet P, Doong R (2020) Electrochemically capacitive deionization of copper (II) using 3D hierarchically reduced graphene oxide architectures. Sep Purif Technol 251:117368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117368
Zhang C, He D, Ma J, Tang W, Waite TD (2019) Comparison of faradaic reactions in flow-through and flow-by capacitive deionization (CDI) systems. Electrochim Acta 299:727–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.058
Zhang Y, Ji L, Zheng Y, Liu H, Xu X (2020) Nanopatterned metal–organic framework electrodes with improved capacitive deionization properties for highly efficient water desalination. Sep Purif Technol 234:116124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116124
Zheng C, Zheng H, Yang Z, Liu S, Li X, Zhang Y, Weng W, Gao X (2019) Experimental study on the evaporation and chlorine migration of desulfurization wastewater in flue gas. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 26(5):4791–4800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3816-y
Zhou J, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Wu J, Zhang H, Wang G, Li J (2020) Pseudocapacitive deionization of uranium(VI) with WO3/C electrode. Chem Eng J (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) 398:125460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.125460
Zhu GH, Wang H, Xu H, Zhang L (2018) Enhanced capacitive deionization by nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofiber aerogel derived from bacterial-cellulose. J Electroanal Chem 822:81–88
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the financial support of National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFB0604305-01).
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Shuangcheng Ma, Chang Liu, and Lan Ma wrote the main manuscript text; Yongyi Xu and Feng Wang participated in the design of the experiment; Yu Tan modified this article; and Dingchang Yang translated the language of the article.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
The manuscript has not been published before or submitted to another journal for the consideration of publication. And all contents in this article are original.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
We approve the manuscript to be published.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, C., Ma, L., Xu, Y. et al. Experimental and theoretical study of a new CDI device for the treatment of desulfurization wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 518–530 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15651-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15651-2