Abstract
The use of citric acid (CA) chelator to facilitate metal bioavailability is a promising approach for the phytoextraction of heavy metal contaminants. However, the role of the CA chelator associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on phytoextraction of vanadium (V) has not been studied. Therefore, in this study, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of CA chelator and AMF inoculation on growth performance and V phytoextraction of plants in V-contaminated soil. The experiment was performed via CA (at 0, 5, and 10 mM kg-1 soil levels) application alone or in combination with AMF inoculation by Medicago sativa Linn. (M. sativa). Plant biomass, root mycorrhizal colonization, P and V accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activity in plants, and soil chemical speciation of V were evaluated. Results depicted (1) a marked decline in plant biomass and root mycorrhizal colonization in 5- and 10-mM CA treatments which were accompanied by a significant increased V accumulation in plant tissues. The effects could be attributed to the enhanced acid-soluble V fraction transferring from the reducible fraction. (2) The presence of CA significantly enhanced P acquisition while the P/V concentration ratio in plant shoots and roots decreased, owing to the increased V translocation from soil to plant. (3) In both CA-treated soil, AMF-plant symbiosis significantly improved dry weight (31.4–73.3%) and P content (37.3–122.5%) in shoots and roots of M. sativa. The combined treatments also showed markedly contribution in reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) content (12.8–16.2%) and higher antioxidants (SOD, POD, and CAT) activities in the leaves. This suggests their combination could promote growth performance and stimulate antioxidant response to alleviate V stress induced by CA chelator. (4) Taken together, 10 mM kg-1 CA application and AMF inoculation combination exhibited a higher amount of extracted V both in plant shoots and roots. Thus, citric acid–AMF–plant symbiosis provides a novel remediation strategy for in situ V phytoextraction by M. sativa in V-contaminated soil.
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Funding
The study was funded by GDAS Project of Science and Technology Development (Grant Nos. 2019GDASYL-0103046, 2020GDASYL-20200102015, 2019GDASYL-0102002-1, 2020GDASYL-20200103082, 2020GDASYL-20200102014, and 2019GDASYL-0301002), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou (Grant No. 202002020072), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. 2019A1515011559), the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program (Grant No. 2017BT01Z176), Guangdong Foundation for Program of Science and Technology Research (Grant No. 2019B121205006), and Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talents (Grant No. 2017GC010570).
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Lang Qiu wrote the original draft, and Hanzhi Lin conceptualized and designed the study. Wenlong Gao, Zhigang Wang, Benru Song, Yanxu Zhang, and Tianle Kong performed the experiment and data analysis. Baoqin Li, Weimin Sun, Pin Gao, and Xiaoxu Sun commented on and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Qiu, L., Gao, W., Wang, Z. et al. Citric acid and AMF inoculation combination–assisted phytoextraction of vanadium (V) by Medicago sativa in V mining contaminated soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 67472–67486 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15326-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15326-y