Abstract
Nanoparticles such as zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) that are incorporated in consumer and industrial products have caused concern about their potential ecotoxicological impact when released into the environment. Bivalve mollusks are susceptible targets for nanoparticle toxicity since nanomaterials can enter the cells by endocytosis mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ZnO-NP on the redox metabolism in Limnoperna fortunei and the DNA damage after exposure to ZnO-NP. Adult bivalves were incubated with 1-, 10-, and 50-μg mL−1 ZnO-NP for 2, 4, and 24 h. Ionic Zn release, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity, oxidative damage, and DNA damage were evaluated. Oxidative damage to proteins and lipids were observed after 4-h exposure and returned to baseline levels after 24 h. Superoxide dismutase levels decreased after 4-h exposure and increased after 24 h. No significant alteration was observed in the catalase activity or even DNA double-strand cleavage. The dissociation of ZnO may occur after 24 h, releasing ionic zinc (Zn2+) by hydrolysis, which was confirmed by the increase in the ionic Zn concentration following 24-h exposure. In conclusion, ZnO-NP were able to induce oxidative stress in exposed golden mussels. The golden mussel can modulate its own antioxidant defenses in response to oxidative stress and seems to be able to hydrolyze the nanoparticles and consequently, release Zn2+ into the cellular compartment.
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The authors would like to thank the Conservation Unit Division (Divisão de Unidades de Conservação) of the environmental department of the state government (SEMA-RS) for allowing us to collect samples in Itapuã State Park (RS, Brazil) and the funding agencies FAPERGS, CAPES, and CNPQ for supporting this study. The authors also thank the National Institute for Advanced Analytical Science and Technology (INCTAA, CNPq proc. 465768/2014-8) for financial support.
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Francine Girardello: Investigation, conceptualization, software, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, writing—original draft. Camila Custódio Leite: Formal analysis. Luciana Bavaresco Touguinha: Methodology. Mariana Roesch-Ely: Formal analysis, investigation, methodology, writing—review and editing. Chrys Katielli Hoinacki da Silva: Methodology, writing—review. Richard Macedo de Oliveira: Methodology. Daniel L. G. Borges: Methodology, writing—review and editing. Izabel Vianna Villela: Investigation, writing—review and editing. Mirian Salvador: Investigation, conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, writing—review and editing, supervision. Andreia Neves Fernandes: Investigation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, writing—review and editing, supervision. João Antonio Pêgas Henriques: Investigation, conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, writing—review and editing, supervision.
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Girardello, ., Leite, C.C., Touguinha, L.B. et al. ZnO nanoparticles alter redox metabolism of Limnoperna fortunei. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 69416–69425 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15257-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15257-8