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Study on the performance of carbonate-mineralized bacteria combined with eggshell for immobilizing Pb and Cd in water and soil

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Abstract

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is an advanced bioremediation approach to remediate heavy metal (HM)–contaminated water and soil. In this study, metal-tolerant urease-producing bacterial isolates, namely, UR1, UR16, UR20, and UR21, were selected based on their urease activity. The efficiency of these isolates in water for Pb and Cd immobilizations was explored. Our results revealed that UR21 had the highest removal rates of Pb (81.9%) and Cd (65.0%) in solution within 72 h through MICP. The scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive x-ray and x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the structure and the existence of PbCO3 and CdCO3 crystals in the precipitates. In addition, the strain UR21, in combination with urea/eggshell waste (EGS) or both, was further employed to investigate the effect of MICP on soil enzymatic activity, chemical fractions, and bioavailability of Pb and Cd. The outcomes indicated that the applied treatments reduced the proportion of soluble-exchangeable-Pb and -Cd, which resulted in an increment in carbonate-bound Pb and Cd in the soil. The DTPA-extractable Pb and Cd were reduced by 29.2% and 25.2% with the treatment of UR21+urea+EGS as compared to the control. Besides, the application of UR21 and EGS significantly increased the soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and enzyme activities. Our findings may provide a novel perceptive for an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to remediate heavy metal–contaminated environment through a combination of metal-resistant ureolytic bacterial strain and EGS.

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Data availability

The datasets used in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41807123) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2020JQ-718).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, 710021, People’s Republic of China

    Ting Wei, Noman Yashir, Syed Asad Imtiaz, Xian Li & Hong Li

  2. College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic University, Xi’an, 710048, China

    Fengqiu An

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  1. Ting Wei
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  2. Noman Yashir
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  3. Fengqiu An
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  4. Syed Asad Imtiaz
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  5. Xian Li
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  6. Hong Li
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Contributions

WT planned the experiment, carried it out, and analyzed the results. YN participated in each experiment and completed the writing of the manuscript. AF and ISA participated in the analysis of data. LX and LH provided technical assistance.

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Correspondence to Ting Wei.

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Wei, T., Yashir, N., An, F. et al. Study on the performance of carbonate-mineralized bacteria combined with eggshell for immobilizing Pb and Cd in water and soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 2924–2935 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15138-0

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