Abstract
This study investigated the impact of liquid swine manure (LSM) land surface application in an apple orchard on soil health and copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in soil and apple. Three apple plots were selected, among which two for LSM application for 5 (AY5) and 11 (AY11) years with different application rates, a long-term inorganic fertilizer application plot as the control treatment (AY0). The soil and apple samples were collected for analysis of soil physicochemical properties, bacterial diversity and abundance, and the contents of Cu and Zn in soil and apple. Results showed that the LSM application significantly increased the concentration of soil nutrients with the highest in AY5, which has a high application rate of LSM. After 5 or 11 years applied, the content of total nitrogen (TN) in AY5 and AY11 increased by 125.2% and 96.7%, total phosphorus (TP) increased by 167.6% and 148.6%, and soil organic matter (SOM) increased by 180.7% and 120.6%, respectively. The AY5 treatment significantly lowered OTUs and decreased Shannon index trend with a negative correlation between soil organic matter and Shannon index. The six predominant bacterial phyla in different treatments were similar, but the LSM application significantly increased the abundance of Chloroflexi and Firmicutes. However, the abundance of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria significantly decreased in AY5 as compared to control treatment, followed by a significant positive correlation between the abundance of Acidobacteria and soil pH. Besides, LSM application significantly increased the contents of soil Cu, Zn, and apple Zn. Overall, the results illustrated that appropriate application rate of LSM can effectively improve apple orchard soil quality and bacterial community structure, but it will increase the risk of heavy metal accumulation in soil and apples.
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Acknowledgements
Professor Lingjuan Wang-Li from Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, reviewed the manuscript and provided insight advice. The authors hereby thankfully acknowledge her peer review. The authors would like to thank Mr. Nan Xue and Mr. Shouqin Xue from Linyi Fenglin Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd for their help in sampling and investigating.
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This work was supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2020MC171), Major Agricultural Applied Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province (SD2019XM002), Shandong Key Research and Development Program (2018GNC111008), and Funds of Shandong “Double Tops” Program.
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HL and HJ conceived and designed the experiments. QY, KD, and CF collected and analyzed samples. HJ and JZ analyzed the data. LW and XW contributed reagents, materials, and analysis methods. HJ wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Jiao, H., Yin, Q., Fan, C. et al. Long-term effects of liquid swine manure land surface application in an apple orchard field on soil bacterial community and heavy metal contents in apple (Malus pumila Mill.). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 49613–49626 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14181-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14181-1