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Determining the origin and fate of nitrate in the Nanyang Basin, Central China, using environmental isotopes and the Bayesian mixing model

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Abstract

Identifying sources of nitrate contamination has been a long-term challenge in areas with different land uses. We investigated the biogeochemical processes and quantified the contribution of potential nitrate sources in the Nanyang Basin, the source area of the South to North Water Diversion Project in China. Hydrogeochemical characteristics, the dual-isotope method (δ15N-NO3− and δ18O-NO3−), and the Bayesian mixing model (SIAR) were combined. The results for 160 samples indicated that mean nitrate concentrations of residential area (162.83 mg L−1) and farmland (75.71 mg L−1) were higher compared with those of surface water (16.15 mg L−1) and forest (36.25 mg L−1). Hydrochemical facies and molar ratios of major ions indicated that the natural environment was greatly impacted by anthropogenic activities. Nitrification, ammonium volatilization, and mixing effects were the dominant processes in nitrogen transformation. The contributions of different sources to nitrate contamination were 45.41%, 35.81%, 17.87%, and 0.91% for sewage and manure, soil organic nitrogen, synthetic fertilizer, and atmospheric deposition, respectively. Undeveloped infrastructure and sewage disposal in rural areas were the main causes of nitrate contamination. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the development of measures to guarantee long-term water supply of the South to North Water Diversion Project.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Ling Junhong and Zeng Chaoyan from the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences for their collaboration in sample processing.

Availability of data and materials

This study included the analysis of major ions concentration and isotopic composition of nitrate and water. Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the excel file we provided, named Supplemental Material1204. We agree to make it available online if this article could be accepted by your journal.

Funding

This study was supported by the China Geological Survey Program (DD20160322, DD20190303) and the Scientific Major Project of Water Pollution Control and Treatment (2018ZX07109-004).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, No.256, North Zhonghua Street, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China

    Shengwei Cao, Yuhong Fei, Xia Tian, Xiangxiang Cui, Xueqing Zhang, Ruoxi Yuan & Yasong Li

  2. Hebei Province and China Geological Survey, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Remediation, No.256, North Zhonghua Street, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China

    Shengwei Cao, Yuhong Fei, Xia Tian, Xiangxiang Cui, Xueqing Zhang, Ruoxi Yuan & Yasong Li

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  1. Shengwei Cao
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Contributions

Shengwei Cao: investigation, formal analysis, data curation, original draft

Yuhong Fei: supervision

Xia Tian: investigation, formal analysis

Xiangxiang Cui: investigation

Xueqiang Zhang: investigation

Ruoxi Yuan: investigation

Yasong Li*: supervision, funding acquisition, writing–review and editing

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Correspondence to Yasong Li.

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Highlights

1. We investigated the impacts of diverse land uses and anthropogenic activities on nitrate in groundwater.

2. Dual-isotope composition illustrated that sewage and manure were the main pollution source.

3. Nitrification and ammonium volatilization were the dominant factors causing variations in isotopic composition.

4. Limitations of the dual-isotope method mask the potential sources of nitrate contamination.

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Cao, S., Fei, Y., Tian, X. et al. Determining the origin and fate of nitrate in the Nanyang Basin, Central China, using environmental isotopes and the Bayesian mixing model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 48343–48361 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14083-2

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