Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are petroleum components that, when dissolved in the aquatic environment, can disrupt normal animal physiological functions and negatively affect species populations. Gambusia yucatana is an endemic fish of the Yucatán Peninsula that seems to be particularly sensitive to the presence of PAHs dissolved in the water. Here, we examined PAH effects on gene expressions linked to endocrine disruption and biotransformation in this species. Specifically, we examined the expression of vitellogenin I (vtg1), vitellogenin II (vtg2), oestrogen receptor α (esr1), oestrogen receptor β (esr2), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) genes. We exposed G. yucatana to different concentrations of PAHs (3.89, 9.27, 19.51 μg/L) over a period of 72 h and found changes associated with reproduction, such as increases in hepatic expression of vtg, esr, AhR and CYP3A, mainly at concentrations of 9.27 and 19.51 μg/L. Our results also indicate that benzo[a]pyrene was probably the main PAH responsible for the observed effects. The genes examined here can be used as molecular markers of endocrine-disrupting compounds, as the PAHs, present in the environment, as gene expression increases could be observed as early as after 24 h. These biomarkers can help researchers and conservationists rapidly identify the impacts of oil spills and improve mitigation before the detrimental effects of environmental stressors become irreversible.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge a scholarship from the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), Finance Code 001, and Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). The authors are grateful to Dr Jonathan Codd from the University of Manchester, UK, for the first revision of the English language, to Dr. Ricardo Dzul-Caamal from Institute of Ecology, Fisheries and Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico (EPOMEX) for help and supervision on the labs work as well as Braydie Vargas for the carefully help with the laboratory’s work and to the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their comments.
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This study was supported by grants from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) and National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-Fisiologia Comparada, Brazil).
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Conceptualization: LA, MLF, JRVO, ALC; formal analysis: LA, MLF; funding acquisition: ALC, JRVO; investigation: LASM; methodology: LA, JRVO, MLF; project administration: LA, ALC, JRVO, MLF; resources: MLF, JAKR, BV; supervision: ALC, MLF, JRVO, validation: MLF; writing—original draft: LA; writing—review and editing: LA, ALC, MLF, JRVO, JAK, BV.
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Aguilar, L., Lara-Flores, M., Rendón-von Osten, J. et al. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on biomarker responses in Gambusia yucatana, an endemic fish from Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 47262–47274 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13952-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13952-0