Abstract
To date, no study has linked the environmental and the ecogenotoxicological bioavailability of contaminants to land snails. Yet, understanding the specific ecotoxicological mechanisms from bioaccumulation to genotoxicity is necessary e.g., to build an adverse outcome pathway relevant to risk assessment. Consequently, the aim of our study is to look for relationships between accumulated concentrations of As, Cd and Hg in sub-adult snails and ecotoxicological effects at the individual (survival and growth) and molecular (genomic stability) levels. This study combines random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) coupled with high-resolution capillary electrophoresis system (HRS) and micronucleus (MN) assay on haemocytes to consider various types of cytogenomic damage, such as chromosomal aberrations, breakages, adducts and mutations. The results showed alteration of the individual endpoints at higher accumulation quotients (AQs) that reflect the excess of transfers to snails, especially with decreased survival for As. In addition, genotoxic effects were observed with an increased occurrence of MN in haemocytes for the three meta(loid)s considered (R2 from 0.57 to 0.61 as a function of the meta(loid)s). No concentration-dependent decrease in genome stability was highlighted by RAPD-HRS in snails exposed to As and Cd but not Hg. Our results demonstrate the complementarity of the RAPD-HRS and the MN assay for understanding the different genotoxic mechanisms of the three metal(loid)s studied in land snails. They show a way to better assess environmental risks of contaminated soils by associating ecotoxicity, genotoxicity and bioaccumulation assays (ISO 24032), i.e., ecogenotoxicological bioavailability. Convergences highlighted here between the bioaccumulation of metal(loid)s in viscera and genotoxic effects in haemocytes constitute a way to better assess the bioavailability of contaminants in soils to the land snail and the subsequent environmental risk.
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Data availability
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to warmly thank Dominique Rieffel, Nadia Crini and Lucas Ambeis for their technical assistance, specifically with snail breeding, the measurement of the metal(loid) concentrations in spiked soils and in viscera, the validation of the analytical methods and the quantification of the number of micronuclei per slide. The authors thank the platform PEA2t (Department Chrono-environment, University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, France), which manages the availability and maintenance of the analytical equipment used in this study.
Funding
This research was funded by the Chrono-environment department (UMR 6249 UFC/CNRS USC INRAE) of the University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté (France).
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M.L.: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization; F.G.: conceptualization, methodology, resources, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition; T.B.: methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, visualization; C.A.: validation, formal analysis, investigation; B.P.: conceptualization, supervision; A. de V.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition; N.C.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition
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Louzon, M., Gimbert, F., Belly, T. et al. From environmental bioavailability of metal(loid)s to their ecogenotoxicological effects in land snails. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 43629–43642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13618-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13618-x