Abstract
Preferential removal of phosphate from aqueous was conducted by a novel biomass-based nanocomposite (EP-N+-Zr) with encapsulated hydrous zirconium oxide, and the biopolymer EP-N+-Zr features were described. EP-N+-Zr exhibited high selective sequestration toward phosphate when humic acid or other competing anions (Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, ClO4−) coexisted at relatively high levels. Such excellent performance of EP-N+-Zr was attributed to its specific two site structures; the embedded HZO nanoparticles and quaternary ammonia groups [N+(CH2CH3)3Cl−] bonded inside the biomass—Enteromorpha prolifera, which facilitated preferable capture towards phosphate through specific affinity and nonspecific preconcentration of phosphate ions on the basis of the ion exchange, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of phosphate (20 °C) as calculated by Langmuir model was 88.5 mg(P)/g. Regeneration tests showed that EP-N+-Zr could be recycled at least five times without noticeable capacity losses using binary NaOH-NaCl as eluent.
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Data availability
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- A T :
-
Temkin constant (L/mg)
- B T :
-
Temkin constant (dimensionless)
- C :
-
intercept, related to the thickness of the boundary layer
- C 0 :
-
influent adsorbate concentration in the liquid phase (mg/L)
- C e :
-
concentration of adsorbate in liquid phase at equilibrium (mg/L)
- C t :
-
effluent adsorbate concentration in the liquid phase (mg/L)
- K F :
-
Freundlich constant [(mg/g)·(L/mg)1/n]
- K L :
-
constant of the Langmuir isotherm (L/mg)
- k 1 :
-
pseudo-first order rate constant (/min)
- k 2 :
-
pseudo-second order rate constant [g/(mg·min)]
- k AB :
-
mass transfer coefficient [L/(min·mg)]
- k p :
-
intra-particle rate constant (g/mg/min0.5)
- k Th :
-
Thomas rate constant [mL/(min·mg)]
- k YN :
-
Yoon-Nelson model rate constant (/min)
- M:
-
dry weight of the adsorbent packed in the column (g)
- N 0 :
-
maximum volumetric sorption capacity (mg solute/L adsorbent)
- Q :
-
feed flow rate (mL/min)
- q :
-
adsorption capacity (mg/g)
- q 0 :
-
maximum solid phase concentration (mg/g)
- q desorption :
-
desorption capacity (mg/g)
- q e :
-
amounts of the adsorbate sorbed per unit weight of sorbent at equilibrium (mg/g) (qe,cal is calculated value, qe,expt is experimental value)
- q m :
-
theoretical saturation capacity in D-R equation (mg/g)
- q max :
-
monolayer capacity of the adsorbent (mg/g)
- q t :
-
amounts of the adsorbate sorbed per unit weight of sorbent at time t (mg/g)
- T :
-
temperature (°C)
- t :
-
sampling time (min)
- V :
-
volume of the effluent (mL)
- Z :
-
bed depth (cm)
- α :
-
Elovich initial adsorption rate [mg/(g·min)]
- β :
-
Elovich desorption constant (g/mg) during any one experiment
- β 0 :
-
constant related to the mean free energy of adsorption per mole of the adsorbate (mol2/kJ2)
- ε :
-
Polanyi potential, which is equal to RT ln(1 + 1/Ce)
- τ :
-
time required for 50% adsorbate breakthrough (min)
- v :
-
linear velocity of feed to bed (cm/min), which is calculated by dividing the flow rate by the column section area
- B.E.:
-
binding energy (eV)
- EBCT:
-
empty bed contact time
- EP:
-
Enteromorpha prolifera
- EP-N+ :
-
intermediate product bearing the N+(CH2CH3)3Cl− groups
- EP-N+-Zr:
-
novel biopolymer embedded with the N+(CH2CH3)3Cl− groups and hydrous zirconium oxide nanoparticles
- HA:
-
humic acid
- HZO:
-
hydrated zirconium oxide
- NOM:
-
natural organic matter
- SEM:
-
scanning electron microscope
- TEM:
-
transmission electron microscopy
- XPS:
-
X-ray photoelectron microscopy
- XRD:
-
X-ray diffraction
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Funding
This study was funded by the Tangshan Science and Technology Research and Development Program (18130234a), the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department (Z2018017), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51602344), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20160241).
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Qian-Qian Zhong conducted the whole experiment, did the analysis, and wrote the initial draft. Li Shen, Yu-Cui Hao, Li-Cong Meng, and Yan-Juan Liu (ranked in order of their actual contribution) provided necessary facilities for the successful completion of this work. Ya-Qin Zhao provided partial research grants for this study. Xing Xu, Ya-Nan Shang, and Bao-Yu Gao (ranked in order of their actual contribution) provided facilities for the characterization of the samples. Qin-Yan Yue reviewed and proofread the paper and also supervised the work.
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Zhong, QQ., Shen, L., Zhao, YQ. et al. Preferential capture of phosphate by an Enteromorpha prolifera–based biopolymer encapsulating hydrous zirconium oxide nanoparticles. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 34584–34597 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12681-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12681-8