Abstract
Ceramic hydroxyapatite foam (CF-HAP) was prepared by combining slip-casting and foaming methods. The prepared CF-HAP was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), physisorption of N2, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of the specific surface area and SEM analyses revealed that the used shaping method provides CF-HAP with a wide range of porosity including macro and mesopores. Based on FTIR and XRD analyses, the CF-HAP is similar to pure well-crystallized hydroxyapatite. The adsorption results revealed that 94% of the BPA with a concentration of (40 mg/L) was effectively removed from the water and that the maximum adsorption capacity was higher in acidic than in basic medium. The thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption reaction was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The adsorption capacity increased with the temperature and the BPA is chemisorbed on the ceramic foam. The isotherm data fitted slightly better with the Liu than with the Freundlich and Langmuir models suggesting that the adsorption was homogeneous and occurred only in the monolayer. The adsorption process depends largely on the BPA concentration and the results fitted well with the pseudo-first-order model. This confirms that the interaction between the BPA and the CF-HAP was mainly chemical in nature. The FTIR analysis of the used and fresh CF-HAP showed that all the hydroxyl and phosphorus bands characteristic of the hydroxyapatite shifted after adsorption of Bisphenol A. This suggests that the adsorption of Bisphenol A occurred in the sites of the hydroxyapatite. Therefore, it can be concluded that the CF-HAP has the potential to be used as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment and purification processes.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the mentioned Research Units for their contributions. The XRD and FTIR analyses were done at Chouaib Doukkali University, Faculty of Sciences El Jadida in Morocco. The surface area measurements and the adsorption tests were carried out in the Environmental and Chemical Engineering unit of the University of Oulu, Finland. The FESEM analyses were carried out at the Center of Microscopy and Nanotechnology, of the University of Oulu, Finland.
Funding
The research leading to these results has received funding from the Erasmus+ Global program between the University of Oulu, Finland, and the University of Chouaïb Doukkali in Morocco under the grant agreement no 56101_KA107_2015_HE. Part of the research was carried out during the NO-WASTE project that received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP / 2007–2013) under the grant agreement no [PIRSES-GA-2012-317714].
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Hamza Khallok produced the foams. Mohamed Zbair conducted the adsorption experiments. Satu Ojala Rachid Brahmi, Riitta L. Keiski, and Zineb Hatim reviewed the results and the work methodology. Hamza Khallok and Mohamed Zbair wrote the original draft preparation. Hamza Khallok and Mohamed Zbair wrote and analyzed the obtained results. Kaisu Ainassaari conducted and analyzed the material’s surface. Satu Ojala, Zineb Hatim, and Hamza Khallok conducted and analyzed the foam’s morphology, structure, and composition.
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Khallok, H., Zbair, M., Ojala, S. et al. Ceramic hydroxyapatite foam as a new material for Bisphenol A removal from contaminated water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 17739–17751 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12076-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12076-1