Abstract
Land oil spills in Nigeria have a long history of contaminating the soil, groundwater, vegetation, and streams with spill extension being the primary of numerous ordeals. These have left the host communities of oil fields and pipelines in crucial need of soil rehabilitation. Thus, this review provides insights into the current state of land oil spills and the effectiveness of on-site remediation approaches across communities. A total of 44 incidents of land oil spills of ≥ 500 bbl, amounting to 53,631 bbl between 2011 and 2019, was recorded by the Shell Petroleum Development Company, which primarily attributed to 83% of the total sabotage. Over 73% of the 53,631 bbl spills were unrecovered from the spill areas, which had deleterious impacts on farmlands, fishponds, rivers, and residential areas. Remediation by enhanced natural attenuation (RENA) is a feasible technique for restoring petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated sites, but it might be ineffective when limited to tiling, windrows, and fertilizer applications due to the presence of non-biodegradable residues and contaminants beyond the aeration depth. However, bioremediation techniques ranging from non-supplemented in-situ and fertilizer supplemented in-situ to mixed in-situ and ex-situ bio-cells supplemented RENA are feasible approaches for spill sites. However, challenging limitations with regard to RENA application failures in the region include delayed responses to spill emergency, large amounts of un-recovered spilled oil, and un-implemented legislative guidelines for spill cleanup. Nevertheless, the temperature, moisture, nutrient, oxygen, and pH of the soil are essential parameters to be considered when implementing a landfarming remediation approach.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Shell Development Cooperation Company (SPDC) Nigeria for the data provided on their website, which was used for oil spill analysis, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for their investigation report, and all other authors cited in the review.
Availability of data and materials
The data provided in this paper are transparent and verifiable as referenced. The spill data are available on Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria https://www.shell.com.ng/sustainability/environment/oil-spills.html
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The authors have contributed in the following areas of the manuscript:
Macdonald Ogorm Mafiana
• Conceived and design of the analysis
• Collecting the data and analysis tools
• Writing of the paper
Mustapha Dimah Bashiru
• Collecting the data and analysis tools
• Writing of the paper
Famous Erhunmwunsee
• Collecting the data and analysis tools
• Writing of the paper
Chimezie Gabriel Dirisu
• Collecting the data and analysis tools
Shi Weng Li
• Conceived and design of the analysis of data
• Others contribution
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Practitioner points
• Spill impacts on farmlands, fishponds, rivers, and residential areas are devastating legacy of oil exploration in and around host communities in oil producing region of Nigeria.
• A total of 44 incidents of land oil spill ≥500 bbl, which amounts to 53,631 bbl between 2011 and 2019 have been recorded by SPDC and attributed to 83% sabotage.
• RENA technique could be ineffective when limited to tiling, windrows, and fertilizer applications due to the non-biodegradable and oil contaminants beyond aeration depth.
• Non-supplemented in-situ, fertilizer supplemented in-situ, and mixed in-situ and ex-situ biocells supplement are feasible RENA approaches in the Niger Delta spill sites.
• Temperature, moisture, nutrient, oxygen, and pH of contaminated soil are essential parameters to be considered when applying a landfarming remediation approach.
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Mafiana, M.O., Bashiru, M.D., Erhunmwunsee, F. et al. An insight into the current oil spills and on-site bioremediation approaches to contaminated sites in Nigeria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 4073–4094 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11533-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11533-1