Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of the application of multivariate criteria of principal components and hierarchical clustering as a mechanism for monitoring the performance of Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon spp.) planted in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland reactor (HSSF-CW) under different organic (OLR), nutritional and sodium loads of swine wastewater (SW). The HSSF-CW planted with Tifton 85 grass was used as a swine wastewater after treatment applying organic loading rates between 26.1 (1st cut) and 360.6 kg ha−1 day−1 COD (8th cut). The maximum performances of HSSF-CW consisted of 52.0 t ha−1 of productivity and 24.0% of crude protein, with the application of 59.7, 64.2, and 31.2 kg ha−1 day−1 of TKN, PT, and K+, respectively. The eleven original variables generated four new components, with PC4 accounting for 94.0% of total variance, a condition strengthened with four data groupings greater than 48% similarity and three data groupings greater than 95% similarity between the variables. There was a strong association between of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentration by the hierarchical grouping and the intermediate cuts and lower temperatures.
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Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the staff of the Wastewater Laboratory of the Center for Environmental and Sanitary Engineering (UFLA).
Funding
The research was developed with the contribution of financial resources from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the Minas Gerais State Research Support Foundation (FAPEMIG).
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Jacineumo Falcão de Oliveira performed the conceptualization, methodology, investigation, and original writing. Ronaldo Fia performed the conceptualization, supervision, project administration, and writing—review and editing. Ana Cláudia Cristina Gomes performed the investigation. Vanessa Salgado Bigogno performed data acquisition and analysis. Thainara de Souza Antônio performed data acquisition and analysis. Marcolina Rosa Souza Alves performed data acquisition and analysis, software. Thaís Caroline da Cruz performed methodology and data analysis.
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Highlights
• Evaluation of performance Tifton 85 grass by multivariate analysis
• The stability of HSSF-CW resulted in increased crop yield.
• Three components were extracted with 87.73% and greater influence of BOD and nitrate.
• The HCA detected a 48% similarity between factors and variables.
• The temperature has a direct effect on removing nutrients from wastewater.
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de Oliveira, J.F., Fia, R., Gomes, A.C.C. et al. Multivariate criteria applied in the performance of Tifton 85 grass in a constructed wetland: effects of organic, nutritional, and sodium loads from swine wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 21314–21325 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11391-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11391-x