Abstract
Various types of micropollutants, e.g., pharmaceuticals and their metabolites and resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms, are usually found in hospital wastewaters. The aim of this paper was to study the presence of 74 frequently used pharmaceuticals, legal and illegal drugs, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in 5 hospital wastewaters in Slovakia and Czechia and to compare the efficiency of several advanced oxidations processes (AOPs) for sanitation and treatment of such highly polluted wastewaters. The occurrence of micropollutants and antibiotic-resistant bacteria was investigated by in-line SPE-LC-MS/MS technique and cultivation on antibiotic and antibiotic-free selective diagnostic media, respectively. The highest maximum concentrations were found for cotinine (6700 ng/L), bisoprolol (5200 ng/L), metoprolol (2600 ng/L), tramadol (2400 ng/L), sulfamethoxazole (1500 ng/L), and ranitidine (1400 ng/L). In the second part of the study, different advanced oxidation processes, modified Fenton reaction, ferrate(VI), and oxidation by boron-doped diamond electrode were tested in order to eliminate the abovementioned pollutants. Obtained results indicate that the modified Fenton reaction and application of boron-doped diamond electrode were able to eliminate almost the whole spectrum of selected micropollutants with efficiency higher than 90%. All studied methods achieved complete removal of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria present in hospital wastewaters.
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Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Elsevier for their editing services.
Funding
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contracts No. APVV-17-0119, APVV-16- 0171, APVV-16-0124, and APVV-17-0183; Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic (ME SR); and of Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS) VEGA 1/0558/17 and VEGA 1/0343/19, by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic—project “CENAKVA” (LM2018099) and PROFISH (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000869). This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund-Project “Centre for the investigation of synthesis and transformation of nutritional substances in the food chain in interaction with potentially harmful substances of anthropogenic origin: comprehensive assessment of soil contamination risks for the quality of agricultural products” (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000845). The authors also acknowledge support from the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic “Competence Centres” (TE01020218).
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Mackuľak, T., Grabic, R., Špalková, V. et al. Hospital wastewaters treatment: Fenton reaction vs. BDDE vs. ferrate(VI). Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 31812–31821 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06290-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06290-9