Abstract
The presence of natural organic matter such as humic acid (HA) can influence the behavior of graphene oxide (GO) in the aquatic environment. In this study, zebrafish embryos were analyzed after 5 and 7 days of exposure to GO (100 mg L−1) and HA (20 mg L−1) alone or together. The results indicated that, regardless of the presence of HA, larvae exposed to GO for 5 days showed an increase in locomotor activity, reduction in the yolk sac size, and total length and inhibition of AChE activity, but there was no difference in enzyme expression. The statistical analysis indicated that the reductions in total larval length, yolk sac size, and AChE activity in larvae exposed to GO persisted in relation to the control group, but there was a recovery of these parameters in groups also exposed to HA. Larvae exposed to GO for 7 days did not show significant differences in locomotor activity, but the RT-PCR gene expression analysis evidenced an increase in the AChE expression. Since the embryos exposed to GO showed a reduction in overall length, they were submitted to confocal microscopy and their muscle tissue configuration investigated. No changes were observed in the muscle tissue. The results indicated that HA is associated with the toxicity risk modulation by GO and that some compensatory homeostasis mechanisms may be involved in the developmental effects observed in zebrafish.
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Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the CNPEM open-facilities (LCS, LAM, LMN, NBT, and LMG), CAPES, the Brazilian National Institute for Science, Technology and Innovation on Complex Functional Materials (INCT-Inomat), the Brazilian Nanotoxicology Network (Cigenanotox), the Brazilian Network of Nanotechnology Applied to Agro-business (AgroNano), and the National System of Laboratories on Nanotechnologies (SisNANO).
Funding
This work was supported by grants (2014/12891-0, 2014/01995-9, and 2014/15640-8) received from the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). INFABIC was co-funded by FAPESP (08/57906-3) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (573913/2008-0).
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Clemente, Z., Silva, G.H., de Souza Nunes, M.C. et al. Exploring the mechanisms of graphene oxide behavioral and morphological changes in zebrafish. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 30508–30523 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05870-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05870-z