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Palm oil and its wastes as bioenergy sources: a comprehensive review

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Abstract

Due to global warming and increasing price of fossil fuel, scientists all over the world have been trying to find reliable alternative fuels. One of the most potential candidates is renewable energy from biomass. The race for renewable energy from biomass has long begun and focused on to combat the deteriorating condition of the environment. Palm oil has been in the spotlight as an alternative of bioenergy sources to resolve fossil fuel problem due to its environment-friendly nature. This review will look deep into the origins of palm oil and how it is processed, bioproducts from this biomass, and oil palm biomass-based power plant in Malaysia. Palm oil is usually processed from oil palm fruits and other parts of the oil palm plant are candidates for raw material of bioproduct generation. Oil palm biomass can be turned into three subcategories: bioproduct, biofuels, and biopower. Focusing on biofuel, the biodiesel from palm oil will be explored in detail and its implication in Malaysia as one of the biggest producers of oil palm in the world will also be emphasized comprehensively. The paper presents the detail of a schematic flow diagram of a palm oil mill process of transforming oil palm into crude palm oil and it wastes. This paper will also discuss the current oil palm biomass power plants in Malaysia. Palm oil has been proven itself as a potential alternative to reduce negative environmental impact of global warming.

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Acknowledgments

The authors graciously acknowledge the financial support provided by the AAIBE Chair of Renewable Grant No. 201801 KETTHA and Universiti Tenaga Nasional Internal Grant (UNIIG 2017) (J510050691) for supporting this research. The authors also wish to express their greatest appreciation to Direktorat Jenderal Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan Kementerian Riset, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi Republik Indonesia and Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Systems, Management and Leadership, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia

    Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia

  2. Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Norasyiqin Ismail, Arridina Susan Silitonga & Abd Halim Shamsuddin

  3. Faculty of Integrated Technologies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam

    Nazia Hossain

  4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan, North Sumatra, 20155, Indonesia

    Arridina Susan Silitonga

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  2. Norasyiqin Ismail
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  3. Nazia Hossain
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  4. Arridina Susan Silitonga
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  5. Abd Halim Shamsuddin
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Correspondence to Arridina Susan Silitonga.

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Mahlia, T.M.I., Ismail, N., Hossain, N. et al. Palm oil and its wastes as bioenergy sources: a comprehensive review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 14849–14866 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04563-x

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