Abstract
Three multiple input and multiple output-type fuzzy-logic-based models were developed as an artificial intelligence-based approach to model a novel integrated process (UF–IER–EDBM–FO) consisted of ultrafiltration (UF), ion exchange resins (IER), electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM), and Fenton’s oxidation (FO) units treating young, middle-aged, and stabilized landfill leachates. The FO unit was considered as the key process for implementation of the proposed modeling scheme. Four input components such as H2O2/chemical oxygen demand ratio, H2O2/Fe2+ ratio, reaction pH, and reaction time were fuzzified in a Mamdani-type fuzzy inference system to predict the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, color, and ammonia nitrogen. A total of 200 rules in the IF–THEN format were established within the framework of a graphical user interface for each fuzzy-logic model. The product (prod) and the center of gravity (centroid) methods were performed as the inference operator and defuzzification methods, respectively, for the proposed prognostic models. Fuzzy-logic predicted results were compared to the outputs of multiple regression models by means of various descriptive statistical indicators, and the proposed methodology was tested against the experimental data. The testing results clearly revealed that the proposed prognostic models showed a superior predictive performance with very high determination coefficients (R 2) between 0.930 and 0.991. This study indicated a simple means of modeling and potential of a knowledge-based approach for capturing complicated inter-relationships in a highly non-linear problem. Clearly, it was shown that the proposed prognostic models provided a well-suited and cost-effective method to predict removal efficiencies of wastewater parameters prior to discharge to receiving streams.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1370-6/MediaObjects/11356_2012_1370_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1370-6/MediaObjects/11356_2012_1370_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1370-6/MediaObjects/11356_2012_1370_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1370-6/MediaObjects/11356_2012_1370_Fig4_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1370-6/MediaObjects/11356_2012_1370_Fig5_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1370-6/MediaObjects/11356_2012_1370_Fig6_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1370-6/MediaObjects/11356_2012_1370_Fig7_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1370-6/MediaObjects/11356_2012_1370_Fig8_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1370-6/MediaObjects/11356_2012_1370_Fig9_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11356-012-1370-6/MediaObjects/11356_2012_1370_Fig10_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdul-Wahab SA, Al-Alawi SM (2002) Assessment and prediction of tropospheric ozone concentration levels using artificial neural networks. Environ Model Soft 17:219–228
Agirre-Basurko E, Ibarra-Berastegi G, Madariaga I (2006) Regression and multilayer perceptron-based models to forecast hourly O3 and NO2 levels in the Bilbao area. Environ Model Soft 21:430–446
Ahn WY, Kang MS, Yim SK, Choi KH (2002) Advanced landfill leachate treatment using an integrated membrane process. Desalination 149:109–114
Akkurt S, Tayfur G, Can S (2004) Fuzzy logic model for the prediction of cement compressive strength. Cem Conc Res 34:1429–1433
Altunkaynak A, Ozger M, Cakmakci M (2005) Fuzzy logic modeling of the dissolved oxygen fluctuations in Golden Horn. Ecologic Model 189:436–446
APHA (American Public Health Association) (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edn. APHA, Washington, DC
Appel KW, Gilliland AB, Sarwar G, Gilliam RC (2007) Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: sensitivities impacting model performance: part I—ozone. Atmos Environ 41:9603–9615
Biyikoglu A, Akcayol MA, Ozdemir V, Sivrioglu M (2005) Temperature prediction in a coal fired boiler with a fixed bed by fuzzy logic based on numerical solution. Energy Convers Manage 46:151–166
Cakmakci M (2007) Adaptive neuro-fuzzy modeling of anaerobic digestion of primary sedimentation sludge. Bioproc Biosyst Eng 30:349–357
Cakmakci M, Kinaci C, Bayramoglu M, Yildirim Y (2010) A modeling approach for iron concentration in sand filtration effluent using adaptive neuro-fuzzy mode. Expert Syst Appl 37:1369–1373
Canizares P, Lobato J, Paz R, Rodrigo MA, Saez C (2007) Advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of olive-oil mills wastewater. Chemosphere 67:832–838
Chu W, Chan KH, Kwan CY, Choi KY (2007) Degradation of atrazine by modified stepwise-Fenton’s processes. Chemosphere 67:755–761
Deng Y (2007) Physical and oxidative removal of organics during Fenton treatment of mature municipal landfill leachate. J Hazard Mater 146:334–340
Deng Y, Englehardt JD (2006) Treatment of landfill leachate by the Fenton process. Water Res 40:3683–3694
Ersahin ME, Insel G, Dereli RK, Ozturk I, Kinaci C (2007) Model based evaluation for the anaerobic treatment of corn processing wastewaters. Clean-Soil Air Water 35:576–581
Foo Y, Hameed BH (2009) An overview of landfill leachate treatment via activated carbon adsorption process. J Hazard Mater 171:54–60
Gomez-Sanchis J, Martin-Guerrero JD, Soria-Olivas E, Vila-Frances J, Carrasco JL et al (2006) Neural networks for analysing the relevance of input variables in the prediction of tropospheric ozone concentration. Atmos Environ 40:6173–6180
Gotvajn AZ, Zagorc-Koncan J, Cotman M (2011) Fenton’s oxidative treatment of municipal landfill leachate as an alternative to biological process. Desalination 275:269–275
Gou JS, Abbas AA, Chen YP, Liu ZP, Fang F, Chen P (2010) Treatment of landfill leachate using a combined stripping, Fenton, SBR, and coagulation process. J Hazard Mater 178:699–705
Hermosilla D, Cortijo M, Huang CP (2009) Optimizing the treatment of landfill leachate by conventional Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Sci Total Environ 407:3473–3481
Ibarra-Berastegi G, Elias A, Barona B, Saenz J, Ezcurra A et al (2008) From diagnosis to prognosis for forecasting air pollution using neural networks: air pollution monitoring in Bilbao. Environ Model Soft 23:622–637
Ince M, Senturk E, Onkal Engin G, Keskinler B (2010) Further treatment of landfill leachate by nanofiltration and microfiltration—PAC hybrid process. Desalination 255:52–60
Jantzen J (1999) Design of fuzzy controllers. Technical report (No: 98-E864). Department of Automation, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby
Kang KH, Shin HS, Park H (2002) Characterization of humic substances present in landfill leachates with different landfill ages and its implications. Water Res 36:4023–4032
Karaca F, Ozkaya B (2006) NN-LEAP: a neural network-based model for controlling leachate flow-rate in a municipal solid waste landfill site. Environ Model Soft 21:1190–1197
Kargi F, Pamukoglu MY (2003a) Aerobic biological treatment of pre-treated landfill leachate by fed-batch operation. Enzyme Microb Technol 33:588–595
Kargi F, Pamukoglu MY (2003b) Simultaneous adsorption and biological treatment of pre-treated landfill leachate by fed-batch operation. Process Biochem 38:1413–1420
Kargı F, Pamukoglu MY (2004) Adsorbent supplemented biological treatment of pre-treated landfill leachate by fed-batch operation. Bioresour Technol 94:285–291
Kim J-S, Kim H-Y, Won C-H, Kim J-G (2001) Treatment of leachate produced in stabilized landfills by coagulation and Fenton oxidation process. J Chin Inst Chem Eng 32:425–429
Kim YK, Huh IR (1997) Enhancing biological treatability of landfill leachate by chemical oxidation. Environ Eng Sci 14:73–79
Kochany J, Lipczynska-Kochany E (2009) Utilization of landfill leachate parameters for pretreatment by Fenton reaction and struvite precipitation—a comparative study. J Hazard Mater 166:248–254
Kolehmainen MK (2004) Data exploration with self-organizing maps in environmental informatics and bioinformatics. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
Kurniawan TA, Lo W-H, Chan GYS (2006) Degradation of recalcitrant compounds from stabilized landfill leachate using a combination of ozone-GAC adsorption treatment. J Hazard Mater B137:433–455
Kusan H, Aytekin O, Ozdemir I (2010) The use of fuzzy logic in predicting house selling price. Expert Syst Appl 37:1808–1813
Li W, Hua T, Zhou Q, Zhang S, Li F (2010) Treatment of stabilized landfill leachate by the combined process of coagulation/flocculation and powder activated carbon adsorption. Desalination 264:56–62
Linde K, Jönsson A, Wimmerstedt R (1995) Treatment of three types of landfill leachate with reverse osmosis. Desalination 101:21–30
Lopez A, Pagano M, Volpe A, Di Pinto AC (2004) Fenton’s pre-treatment of mature landfill leachate. Chemosphere 54:1005–1010
Mariam T, Nghiem LD (2010) Landfill leachate treatment using hybrid coagulation nanofiltration processes. Desalination 250:677–681
Marttinen SK, Kettunen RH, Rintala JA (2003) Occurrence and removal of organic pollutants in sewages and landfill leachates. Sci Total Environ 301:1–12
Mitra B, Scott HD, Dixon JC, McKimmey JM (1998) Applications of fuzzy logic to the prediction of soil erosion in a large watershed. Geoderma 86:183–209
Morais J, Zamora PP (2005) Use of advanced oxidation processes to improve the biodegradability of mature landfill leachates. J Hazard Mater B123:181–186
Neczaj E, Okoniewska E, Kacprzak M (2005) Treatment of landfill leachate by sequencing batch reactor. Desalination 185:357–362
Ozkaya B (2005) Chlorophenols in leachates originating from different landfills and aerobic composting plants. J Hazard Mater B124:107–112
Ozkaya B, Demir A, Bilgili MS (2007) Neural network prediction model for the methane fraction in biogas from field-scale landfill bioreactors. Environ Model Soft 22:815–822
Perendeci A, Arslan S, Celebi SC, Tanyolac A (2008) Prediction of effluent quality of an anaerobic treatment plant under unsteady state through ANFIS modeling with on-line input variables. Chem Eng J 145:78–85
Pirbazari M, Ravindran V, Badriyha BN, Kim SH (1996) Hybrid membrane filtration process for leachate treatment. Water Res 30:2691–2706
Renou S, Givaudan JG, Poulain S, Dirassouyan F, Moulin P (2008) Landfill leachate treatment: review and opportunity. J Hazard Mater 150:468–493
Rubens NO (2006) The application of fuzzy logic to the construction of the ranking function of information retrieval systems. Comput Model and New Technol 10:20–27
Sadiq R, Al-Zahrani MA, Sheikh AK, Husain T, Farooq S (2004) Performance evaluation of slow sand filters using fuzzy rule-based modelling. Environ Model Soft 19:507–515
Sadrzadeh M, Ghadimi A, Mohammadi T (2009) Coupling a mathematical and a fuzzy logic-based model for prediction of zinc ions separation from wastewater using electrodialysis. Chem Eng J 15:262–274
Sahinkaya E (2009) Biotreatment of zinc-containing wastewater in a sulfidogenic CSTR: performance and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling studies. J Hazard Mater 164:105–113
Saremirad P, Gomaa HG, Zhu J (2012) Effect of flow oscillations on mass transfer in electrodialysis with bipolar membrane. J Membrane Sci 405–406:158–166
Sari H (2012) Evaluation of final treatment with Fenton oxidation of treated leachate with electrodialysis bipolar membrane process. M.Sc. thesis, Institute of Science, Department of Environmental Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
Schoeman JJ (2008) Evaluation of electrodialysis for the treatment of a hazardous leachate. Desalination 224:178–182
Schoeman JJ, Steyn A, Makgae M (2005) Evaluation of electrodialysis for the treatment of an industrial solid waste leachate. Desalination 186:273–289
Timur H, Ozturk I (1999) Anaerobic sequencing batch reactor treatment of landfill leachate. Water Res 15:3225–3230
Tizaoui C, Bouselmi L, Mansouri L, Ghrabi A (2007) Landfill leachate treatment with ozone and ozone/hydrogen peroxide systems. J Hazard Mater 140:316–324
Top S, Sekman E, Hoşver S, Bilgili MS (2011) Characterization and electrocoagulative treatment of nanofiltration concentrate of a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant. Desalination 268:158–162
Trebouet D, Schlumpf JP, Jaouen P, Quemeneur F (2001) Stabilized landfill leachate treatment by combined physicochemical-nanofiltration processes. Water Res 35:2935–2942
Turkdogan-Aydinol FI, Yetilmezsoy K (2010) A fuzzy logic-based model to predict biogas and methane production rates in a pilot-scale mesophilic UASB reactor treating molasses wastewater. J Hazard Mater 182:460–471
Umar M, Aziz HA, Yusoff MS (2010) Trends in the use of Fenton, electro-Fenton and photo-Fenton for the treatment of landfill leachate. Waste Manage 30:2113–2121
Vershal VV, Medvedeva NA, Rybalchenko NA, Babkin VA (1998) Research of hydrogen peroxide decomposition in an alkaline medium and its effect on pulp bleaching and homogeneous oxidation of lignin. Chem Plant Raw Mater 2:45–50
Wu G-D, Lo S-L (2008) Predicting real-time coagulant dosage in water treatment by artificial neural networks and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system. J Eng Appl Artific Intel 21:1189–1195
Wu JJ, Wu CC, Ma HW, Chang CC (2004) Treatment of landfill leachate by ozone-based advanced oxidation processes. Chemosphere 54:997–1003
Wu Y, Zhou S, Qin F, Ye X, Zheng K (2010) Modeling physical and oxidative removal properties of Fenton process for treatment of landfill leachate using response surface methodology (RSM). J Hazard Mater 180:456–465
Yetilmezsoy K (2011) Composite desirability function-based empirical modeling for packed tower design in physical ammonia absorption. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng. doi:10.1002/apj.635
Yetilmezsoy K, Demirel S, Vanderbei RJ (2009) Response surface modeling of Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution by Pistacia vera L.: Box–Behnken experimental design. J Hazard Mater 171:551–562
Yetilmezsoy K, Fingas M, Fieldhouse B (2010) Modeling water-in-oil emulsion formation using fuzzy logic. J Mult-Valued Logic and Soft Computi 18:329–353
Yetilmezsoy K, Fingas M, Fieldhouse B (2011a) An adaptive neuro-fuzzy approach for modeling of water-in-oil emulsion formation. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects 389:50–62
Yetilmezsoy K, Ozkaya B, Cakmakci M (2011b) Artificial intelligence-based prediction models for environmental engineering. Neural Network World 21:193–218
Yetilmezsoy K, Sakar S (2008a) Improvement of COD and color removal from UASB treated poultry manure wastewater using Fenton’s oxidation. J Hazard Mater 151:547–558
Yetilmezsoy K, Sakar S (2008b) Development of empirical models for performance evaluation of UASB reactors treating poultry manure wastewater under different operational conditions. J Hazard Mater 153:532–543
Yetilmezsoy K, Sapci-Zengin Z (2009) Stochastic modeling applications for the prediction of COD removal efficiency of UASB reactors treating diluted real cotton textile wastewater. Stochas Environ Res Risk Assess 23:13–26
Yetilmezsoy K (2012) Fuzzy-logic modeling of Fenton’s oxidation of anaerobically pretreated poultry manure wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:2227–2237
Yu-Dong X, Dong-Bei Y, Yi Z, Yong-Feng N (2006) Fractionation of dissolved organic matter in mature landfill leachate and its recycling by ultrafiltration and evaporation combined processes. Chemosphere 64:903–911
Zadeh LA (1965) Fuzzy sets. Inf Control 8:338–353
Zhang H, Choi HJ, Huang C-P (2005) Optimization of Fenton process for the treatment of landfill leachate. J Hazard Mater B125:166–174
Zhang H, Zhang D, Zhou J (2006) Removal of COD from landfill leachate by electro-Fenton method. J Hazard Mater B135:106–111
Zhang H, Choi HJ, Canazoc P, Huang C-P (2009a) Multivariate approach to the Fenton process for the treatment of landfill leachate. J Hazard Mater 161:1306–1312
Zhang Y, Van der Bruggen B, Pinoy L, Meesschaert B (2009b) Separation of nutrient ions and organic compounds from salts in RO concentrates by standard and monovalent selective ion-exchange membranes used in electrodialysis. J Membrane Sci 332:104–112
Zhang Y, Ghyselbrecht K, Meesschaert B, Pinoy L, Van der Bruggen B (2011) Electrodialysis on RO concentrate to improve water recovery in wastewater reclamation. J Membrane Sci 378:101–110
Ziyang L, Youcai Z, Tao Y, Yu S, Huili C, Nanwen Z, Renhua H (2009) Natural attenuation and characterization of contaminants composition in landfill leachate under different disposing ages. Sci Total Environ 407:3385–3391
Acknowledgments
This study was carried out within the scope of 109Y285 number of the research of TUBITAK. We would like to thank TUBITAK that provided the financial support of it.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Michael Matthies
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sari, H., Yetilmezsoy, K., Ilhan, F. et al. Fuzzy-logic modeling of Fenton’s strong chemical oxidation process treating three types of landfill leachates. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20, 4235–4253 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1370-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1370-6