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Clinical advances in analytical profiling of signature lipids: implications for severe non-communicable and neurodegenerative diseases

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Abstract

Background

Lipids play key roles in numerous biological processes, including energy storage, cell membrane structure, signaling, immune responses, and homeostasis, making lipidomics a vital branch of metabolomics that analyzes and characterizes a wide range of lipid classes. Addressing the complex etiology, age-related risk, progression, inflammation, and research overlap in conditions like Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancer poses significant challenges in the quest for effective therapeutic targets, improved diagnostic markers, and advanced treatments. Mass spectrometry is an indispensable tool in clinical lipidomics, delivering quantitative and structural lipid data, and its integration with technologies like Liquid Chromatography (LC), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and few emerging Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization- Imaging Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) along with its incorporation into Tissue Microarray (TMA) represents current advances. These innovations enhance lipidomics assessment, bolster accuracy, and offer insights into lipid subcellular localization, dynamics, and functional roles in disease contexts.

Aim of the review

The review article summarizes recent advancements in lipidomic methodologies from 2019 to 2023 for diagnosing major neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, serious non-communicable cardiovascular diseases and cancer, emphasizing the role of lipid level variations, and highlighting the potential of lipidomics data integration with genomics and proteomics to improve disease understanding and innovative prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Key scientific concepts of review

Clinical lipidomic studies are a promising approach to track and analyze lipid profiles, revealing their crucial roles in various diseases. This lipid-focused research provides insights into disease mechanisms, biomarker identification, and potential therapeutic targets, advancing our understanding and management of conditions such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Cardiovascular Diseases, and specific cancers.

Graphical abstract

Lipidome analysis methodology in major diseases and discovery of therapeutics and biomarkers

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Data availability

A data availability statement is not applicable since this review does not involve original data collection. All discussed data are sourced from existing literature and are publicly available.

Abbreviations

2HG :

2-Hydroxyglutarate

AA :

Arachidonic acid

ACC1 :

Acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase 1

ACLY :

ATP citrate lyase

AD :

Alzheimer’s Disease

AdA:

Adrenic acid

AHA :

American Heart Association

AKT YapS127A :

Protein Kinase B/Yes-associated protein 1 (mutated)

AMPK :

AMP-activated protein kinase

apoA-I :

Apolipoprotein A-I

APP :

Amyloid Precursor Protein

ASCVD :

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

ATP :

Adenosine triphosphate

AUC :

Area Under the ROC Curve

Bax :

Bcl-2-associated X protein

BCFA :

Branched-chain Fatty Acid

BCL2 :

B-cell lymphoma 2

Bcl-xL :

B-cell lymphoma-extra large

CD274 :

Cluster of differentiation 274

CE:

Cholesterol ester

Cer:

Ceramide

CLRD :

Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease

CRC :

Colorectal Cancer

CSC :

Cancer Stem Cell

CSF :

Cerebrospinal Fluid

CTLA4 :

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4

CVD :

Cardiovascular Disease

DDA :

Data-Dependent Acquisition

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

DIA :

Data-Independent Acquisition

ECM :

Extracellular matrix

ELOVL6 :

Long-chain fatty acids family member 6

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

FA:

Fatty acid

FABP5 :

Fatty acid-binding protein 5

FADS1 :

Fatty acid desaturases 1

FADS2 :

Fatty acid desaturases 2

FASN :

Fatty Acid Synthase

FIA-MS/MS :

Flow Injection Analysis Tandem Mass Spectrometry

FTICR :

Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance

GC :

Gas Chromatography

GC :

Gastric cancer

GL:

Glycerolipid

GP:

Glycerophospholipid

GPX4 :

Glutathione peroxidase 4

HAVCR2 :

Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2

HDL-C :

High-density lipoprotein Cholesterol

HER2 :

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

HETE :

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid

HexCer:

Hexosylceramides

HILIC :

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography

HRMS :

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

HR-MS :

Shotgun high-resolution mass spectrometry

HSL :

Hormone-sensitive lipase

ICC :

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

IDL:

Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins

IS :

Internal Standard

KAROLA :

Langzeiterfolge der KARdiOLogischen Anschlussheilbehandlung

KRAS :

Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma virus

LAG3:

Lymphocyte activating 3 gene

LC :

Liquid Chromatography

LC-ESI MS :

Liquid Chromatography – Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

LC–MS/MS :

Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LDL-C :

Low-density lipoprotein Cholesterol

LDLR :

Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor

LIPID :

Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease

LM :

Lipid Mediator

LMN :

LipidMatch Normalization

LPC/LysoPC :

Lysophosphatidylcholine

LPE:

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine

LPI:

Lysophosphatidylinositol

LR-MS:

Shotgun low-resolution mass spectrometry

LSI :

Lipidomics Standard Initiative

MALDI-IMS :

Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization – Imaging Mass Spectrometry

MAPK :

Mitogen-activated protein kinase/

MCI :

Mild Cognitive Impairment

MHC :

Monohexosylceramide

mIDH1 :

Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1

MPTP :

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

MRI :

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI-MS :

Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Mass Spectrometry

MRM :

Multiple Reaction Monitor

MRS :

Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry

MS-DIAL :

Mass Spectrometry – Data Independent Analysis

MSI :

Mass Spectrometry Imaging

MTBE :

Methyl tert-butyl ether

mTORC2 :

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acids

NFT :

Neurofibrillary tangles

NMR :

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

OCFA:

Odd-chain Fatty Acid

PA:

Phosphatidic acid

PAG :

Phenylacetylglutamine

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

PCA :

Principal Component Analysis

PD :

Parkinson’s Disease

PDCD1 :

Programmed cell death 1

PE:

Phosphatidylethanolamine

PI:

Phosphatidylinositol

PL:

Phospholipid

PPARα :

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

PPARγ-ACLY/ACC :

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ATP-citratelyase/acetyl-CoA carboxylase

PQN :

Probabilistic Quotient Normalization

PRM :

Parallel Reaction Monitor

PS:

Phosphatidylserine

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

QQQ :

Triple Quadrupole

Q-TOF :

Quadrupole Time-of-Flight

ROC :

Receiver operating curve

ROS :

Reactive Oxygen Species

RPLC :

Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography

RP-UHPLC/MS :

Reversed-phase Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

SCD1 :

Syndecan-1

SFA:

Saturated fatty acids

SILL :

Strategy Inventory of Language Learning

SIM :

Single Ion Monitoring

SM:

Sphingomyelin

SREBP-1c :

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1

STAT:

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription

SWATH :

Sequence Window of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Spectra

TG:

Triacylglycerol

TIGIT :

T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domain

TIL :

Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes

TIMS :

Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry

TLC :

Thin layer Chromatography

TMA :

Tissue Microarray

TNBC :

Triple Negative Breast Cancer

TVB-2640 :

Denifanstat

UHPLC :

Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

UHPSFC-MS :

Ultra-High Performance supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry

UPLC-MS/MS :

Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry

USP22 :

Ubiquitin specific peptidase 22

VLDL:

Very low-density lipoprotein

WECAC :

The Western Norway Coronary Angiography Cohort

Zeb1 :

Zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 1

Zeb2 :

Zinc-finger E-box-binding homeobox 2

αS :

Alpha-synuclein

References

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Funding

No funding was received for conducting this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

RG manuscript conceptualization, methodology, writing, validation, and supervising. SS, DR, and BC manuscript writing and data collection and data curation. SS and DR, data representation and validation. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rajgourab Ghosh.

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Research did not involve human participants and/or animals.

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Sarkar, S., Roy, D., Chatterjee, B. et al. Clinical advances in analytical profiling of signature lipids: implications for severe non-communicable and neurodegenerative diseases. Metabolomics 20, 37 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-024-02100-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-024-02100-7

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