Abstract
The fungal cell wall protects fungi against threats, both biotic and abiotic, and plays a role in pathogenicity by facilitating host adhesion, among other functions. Although carbohydrates (e.g. glucans, chitin) are the most abundant components, the fungal cell wall also harbors ionic proteins, proteins bound by disulfide bridges, alkali-extractable, SDS-extractable, and GPI-anchored proteins, among others; the latter consisting of suitable targets which can be used for fungal pathogen control. Pseudocercospora fijiensis is the causal agent of black Sigatoka disease, the principal threat to banana and plantain worldwide. Here, we report the isolation of the cell wall of this pathogen, followed by extensive washing to eliminate all loosely associated proteins and conserve those integrated to its cell wall. In the HF-pyridine protein fraction, one of the most abundant protein bands was recovered from SDS-PAGE gels, electro-eluted and sequenced. Seven proteins were identified from this band, none of which were GPI-anchored proteins. Instead, atypical (moonlight-like) cell wall proteins were identified, suggesting a new class of atypical proteins, bound to the cell wall by unknown linkages. Western blot and histological analyses of the cell wall fractions support that these proteins are true cell wall proteins, most likely involved in fungal pathogenesis/virulence, since they were found conserved in many fungal pathogens.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the National Council of Humanities, Science and Technology (CONAHCyT), México, for funding the project 220957. Authors also thank CONAHCyT for the Ph. D. scholarship No. 255427, awarded to Y. Burgos-Canul. Authors thank M.Sc. Bartolomé Chi Manzanero (rest in peace) for his enthusiasm and contribution to this manuscript. Authors thank M.Sc. Jewel Nicole Anna Todd for English revision.
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Conceptualization, I. I.-F. and B. C.-C.; methodology, Y.Y. B.-C., D. C.-C., M. T.-S., A K.-G., L. B.-A., M. C.-P.; formal analysis, M.A. C.-P., C. S.-B., B C.-C., D, L.-M., M.J. B.-G.; writing-original draft preparation, B. C.-C. and I. I.-F; writing—review and editing, I.I-F., B. C.-C., M. T.-S., C S.-B.; funding acquisition, I. I.-F- and B. C.-C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Supplementary Material 1: Fig. S1 Multiple washes of the crude cell wall of P. fijiensis. A) washes with water; B), washes with 0.5% SDS. The number on the lanes of the gel indicate the number of the wash.
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Supplementary Material 2: Fig. S2 SDS-PAGE profile of P. fijiensis cell wall fraction produced by HF-pyridine. Multiple aliquots were loaded to recover enough HF1 protein (indicated with the arrow)- After the electrophoresis, the gel was stained with Coomassie blue.
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Supplementary Material 3: Fig. S3 Phylogenetic tree of fungal homologs of P. fijiensis Mycfi2|87,587 protein (100 sequences). Mycfi287587 is highlighted in red (MYCFIDRAFT_87587 [Pseudocercospora fijiensis CIRAD86], sequence ID: XP_007920980.1). Accession numbers in all sequences, correspond to GenBank IDs. The tree was generated in the MAFFT program v7.0, using the UPGMA average linkage algorithm [38]. The tree was edited using iTOL v6 [39].
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Supplementary Material 4: Fig. S4 Phylogenetic tree of fungal homologs of P. fijiensis Mycfi2|120,453 protein (highlighted in red, MYCFIDRAFT_120453 [Pseudocercospora fijiensis CIRAD86], sequence XP_007923174.1).
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Supplementary Material 5: Fig. S5 Phylogenetic tree of fungal homologs of P. fijiensis Mycfi2|70,687 protein (highlighted in red, MYCFIDRAFT_70687 [Pseudocercospora fijiensis CIRAD86], sequence > XP_007931349.1).
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Supplementary Material 6: Fig. S6 Phylogenetic tree of fungal homologs of P. fijiensis Mycfi2|153,182 protein (highlighted in red, MYCFIDRAFT_153182 [Pseudocercospora fijiensis CIRAD86], sequence > XP_007925595.1).
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Supplementary Material 7: Fig. S7 Phylogenetic tree of fungal homologs of P. fijiensis Mycfi2|71,227 protein (highlighted in red, MYCFIDRAFT_71227 [Pseudocercospora fijiensis CIRAD86], sequence > XP_007920311.1).
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Supplementary Material 8: Fig. S8 Phylogenetic tree of fungal homologs of P. fijiensis Mycfi2|214,674 protein (highlighted in red, MYCFIDRAFT_214674 [Pseudocercospora fijiensis CIRAD86], sequence > XP_007924886.1).
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Supplementary Material 9: Fig. S9 Phylogenetic tree of fungal homologs of P. fijiensis Mycfi2|201,783 protein (highlighted in red, MYCFIDRAFT_201783 [Pseudocercospora fijiensis CIRAD86], sequence XP_007921860.1.
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Supplementary Material 10: Fig. S10 Multi-alignment of Mycfi2|87,587 (sequence ID: XP_007920980.1, highlighted in yellow) with fungal proteins (100 hits retrieved by BlastP from the GenBank). White letters on red background show identical amino acids; standard red letters correspond to conserved regions containing similar amino acids; black letters correspond to variable amino acids; dotted lines correspond to gaps.
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Supplementary Material 11: Fig. S11 Multi-alignment of Mycfi2|120,453 (sequence ID: XP_007923174.1, highlighted in yellow) with fungal proteins (100 hits retrieved by BlastP from the GenBank).
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Supplementary Material 12: Fig. S12 Multi-alignment of Mycfi2|70,687 (sequence ID: XP_ XP_007931349.1, highlighted in yellow) with fungal proteins (100 hits retrieved by BlastP from the GenBank).
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Supplementary Material 13: Fig. S13 Multi-alignment of Mycfi2|153,182 (sequence ID: XP_007925595.1, highlighted in yellow) with fungal proteins (100 hits retrieved by BlastP from the GenBank).
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Supplementary Material 14: Fig. S14 Multi-alignment of Mycfi2|71,227 (sequence ID: XP_007920311.1, highlighted in yellow) with fungal proteins (100 hits retrieved by BlastP from the GenBank).
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Supplementary Material 15: Fig. S15 Multi-alignment of Mycfi2|214,674 (sequence ID: XP_007924886.1, highlighted in yellow) with fungal proteins (100 hits retrieved by BlastP from the GenBank).
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Supplementary Material 16: Fig. S16 Multi-alignment of Mycfi2|201,783 (sequence ID: XP_007921860.1, highlighted in yellow) with fungal proteins (100 hits retrieved by BlastP from the GenBank).
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Canto-Canché, B., Burgos-Canul, Y.Y., Chi-Chuc, D. et al. Moonlight-like proteins are actually cell wall components in Pseudocercospora fijiensis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 232 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03676-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03676-3