Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is becoming a leading cause of gastroenteritis and mortality. The use of antibiotics has increased natural resistance of S. Typhimurium to antibiotics. This study aims to isolate and characterize multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains from hospital sewage samples in Bhopal City, central India. The MDR isolates were characterized by molecular identification, antimicrobial resistance patterns, multi-locus sequence typing, and efflux pump activity. Specific genes (hilA, stn, invA, typh, and iroB) were used to confirm S. Typhimurium isolates. The Kirbey-Bauer method was employed to profile antimicrobial resistance using 20 antibiotics. Multi-locus sequence typing confirmed S. Typhimurium using seven housekeeping genes (aroC, dnaN, hemD, hisD, purE, sucA, and thr). Out of five strains, only four were confirmed as S. Typhimurium during MLST analysis. Efflux pump activity was determined using the ethidium bromide (EtBr) cartwheel test. Of the 160 isolates, 38 were presumptively confirmed as S. Typhimurium based on biochemical characterization, and only five MDR Salmonella strains were selected for their resistance against most antibiotics. Efflux pump activity revealed that five out of the four MDR isolates did not retain EtBr inside the cells, indicating pronounced efflux activity. Additionally, the isolated strains showed a specific correlation between the antimicrobial phenotypes and genotypes. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the characterization of S. Typhimurium serotype in Bhopal City. Future studies should focus on understanding changing antimicrobial resistance patterns, pathogenicity, and the genetic background of Salmonella serotypes. Further surveillance activities for antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in different environmental sources should be prioritized.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Director ICMR-NIREH, Bhopal for providing the necessary facilities for the current study.
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This work carryout under the Indian council of medical research grants no. 3/1/3PDF (20)/2019-HRD (20th batch).
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MK, BN, PS, NP DKS, SS and MK designed the experiments and carried out the experimental work. MK, BN, PS, NP, DKS, SS, RRT, SS and MK authors were involved in scientific discussion and analysis of the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Kumawat, M., Nabi, B., Sharma, P. et al. Assessment of multidrug-resistant profile, multi-locus sequence typing and efflux pump activity in Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from hospital sewage. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 162 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03607-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03607-2