Abstract
Constructed wetlands form a unique ecosystem having plants, soil, microbes in which microorganisms play a vital role in the transformation and degradation of pollutants from wastewater. In the present study, French type two-stage vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was used for the treatment of single household greywater (GW). Pilot-scale VFCW having sand and gravel as the filter substrate was constructed with Canna indica plantation for treating GW. To understand the pollutant removal mechanism in VFCW, microbial diversity and functional annotation was carried out by metagenomics analysis of sequences obtained from illumina platform. Efficiency of VFCW was measured with respect to water quality parameters like COD, BOD5, Total Nitrogen, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammoniacal-N, ortho-phosphate and TOC from inlet and outlet of system. The removal efficiency was 90%, 93%, 34%, 26%, 89%, 68%, 80%, and 80% for COD, BOD5, Total Nitrogen, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammoniacal-N, ortho-phosphate and TOC respectively. Microbial diversity was much more diversified and unique in VFCW compared to GW. Metagenomes exhibited Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes as major phyla in GW whereas Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae abundance in VFCW layers. Total of 809 and 695 genus were found in VFCW and GW respectively with minimum abundance of 10 hits. From functional annotation of sequences, VFCW microbes have the potential to transform various aromatic and xenobiotic compounds along with the removal of pollutants present in the form of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. These data reveal French type VFCW can efficiently treat GW and with its own unique, variable habitat VFCW harbours diverse community of microorganisms that transform and degrade the pollutants in GW.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Sequence data is submitted in public data bank; it will be made public once paper is published.
References
Ansola G, Arroyo P, Sáenz de Miera LE (2014) Characterisation of the soil bacterial community structure and composition of natural and constructed wetlands. Sci Total Environ 473–474:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.125
Bai Y, Liang J, Liu R et al (2014) Metagenomic analysis reveals microbial diversity and function in the rhizosphere soil of a constructed wetland. Environ Technol (UK) 35:2521–2527. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.911361
Beck SE, Rodríguez RA, Salveson A et al (2013) Disinfection methods for treating low TOC, light graywater to California title 22 water reuse standards. J Environ Eng (US) 139:1137–1145. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000738
Bhatti AA, Haq S, Bhat RA (2017) Actinomycetes benefaction role in soil and plant health. Microb Pathog 111:458–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICPATH.2017.09.036
Boyjoo Y, Pareek VK, Ang M (2013) A review of greywater characteristics and treatment processes. Water Sci Technol 67:1403–1424. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.675
Calheiros CSC, Duque AF, Moura A et al (2009) Substrate effect on bacterial communities from constructed wetlands planted with Typha latifolia treating industrial wastewater. Ecol Eng 35:744–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.11.010
Delforno TP, Lacerda GV, Sierra-Garcia IN et al (2017) Metagenomic analysis of the microbiome in three different bioreactor configurations applied to commercial laundry wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ 587–588:389–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.170
Eaton AD, Clesceri LS, Franson MAH, Association, American Public Health (2005) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association. ISBN: 9780875530475
Gupta RS (2000) The phylogeny of proteobacteria: relationships to other eubacterial phyla and eukaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 24:367–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00547.x
Halalsheh M, Dalahmeh S, Sayed M et al (2008) Grey water characteristics and treatment options for rural areas in Jordan. Bioresour Technol 99:6635–6641. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2007.12.029
Hua G, Kong J, Ji Y, Li M (2018) Influence of clogging and resting processes on flow patterns in vertical flow constructed wetlands. Sci Total Environ 621:1142–1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.113
Jadeja NB, More RP, Purohit HJ, Kapley A (2014) Metagenomic analysis of oxygenases from activated sludge. Bioresour Technol 165:250–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.045
Kadlec RH, Wallace SD (2009) Treatment wetlands. CRC Press. ISBN: 978-1-56670-526-4
Li F, Wichmann K, Otterpohl R (2009) Review of the technological approaches for grey water treatment and reuses. Sci Total Environ 407:3439–3449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.02.004
Lombard Latune R, Laporte-Daube O, Fina N et al (2017) Which plants are needed for a French vertical-flow constructed wetland under a tropical climate? Water Sci Technol 75:1873–1881. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.064
Lünsmann V, Kappelmeyer U, Taubert A et al (2016) Aerobic toluene degraders in the rhizosphere of a constructed wetland model show diurnal polyhydroxyalkanoate metabolism. Appl Environ Microbiol 82:4126–4132. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00493-16
Maier RM (2015) Biogeochemical cycling. Elsevier, New York
Martín HG, Ivanova N, Kunin V et al (2006) Metagenomic analysis of two enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) sludge communities. Nat Biotechnol 24:1263–1269. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1247
Massoud MA, Tarhini A, Nasr JA (2009) Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: applicability in developing countries. J Environ Manag 90:652–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2008.07.001
Menon R, Jackson CR, Holland MM (2013) The influence of vegetation on microbial enzyme activity and bacterial community structure in freshwater constructed wetland sediments. Wetlands 33:365–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-013-0394-0
Meyer F, Paarmann D, D’Souza M et al (2008) The metagenomics RAST server—a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes. BMC Bioinform 9:386. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-9-386
Molle P, Liénard A, Boutin C et al (2005) How to treat raw sewage with constructed wetlands: an overview of the French systems. Water Sci Technol 51:11–21. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0277
Molle P, Prost-Boucle S, Lienard A (2008) Potential for total nitrogen removal by combining vertical flow and horizontal flow constructed wetlands: a full-scale experiment study. Ecol Eng 34:23–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2008.05.016
Naik KS, Stenstrom MK (2016) A feasibility analysis methodology for decentralized wastewater systems—energy-efficiency and cost. Water Environ Res 88:201–209. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143016x14504669767337
Oteng-Peprah M, Acheampong MA, deVries NK (2018) Greywater characteristics, treatment systems, reuse strategies and user perception—a review. Water Air Soil Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3909-8
Paing J, Guilbert A, Gagnon V, Chazarenc F (2015a) Effect of climate, wastewater composition, loading rates, system age and design on performances of French vertical flow constructed wetlands: a survey based on 169 full scale systems. Ecol Eng 80:46–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.10.029
Paing J, Serdobbel V, Welschbillig M et al (2015b) Treatment of high organic content wastewater from food-processing industry with the French vertical flow constructed wetland system. Water Sci Technol 72:70–76. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.190
Parjane SB, Sane MG (2011) Performance of grey water treatment plant by economical way for Indian rural development. Int J ChemTech Res 3:1808–1815
Parks DH, Tyson GW, Hugenholtz P, Beiko RG (2014) STAMP: statistical analysis of taxonomic and functional profiles. Bioinformatics 30:3123–3124. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu494
Paulo PL, Boncz MA, Asmus AF et al (2007) Greywater treatment in constructed wetland at household level. Gewasserschutz Wasser Abwasser 206:34
Peralta RM, Ahn C, Gillevet PM (2013) Characterization of soil bacterial community structure and physicochemical properties in created and natural wetlands. Sci Total Environ 443:725–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2012.11.052
Quince C, Walker AW, Simpson JT et al (2017) Corrigendum: Shotgun metagenomics, from sampling to analysis. Nat Biotechnol 35:1211. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1217-1211b
Ramprasad C, Philip L (2018) Greywater treatment using horizontal, vertical and hybrid flow constructed wetlands. Curr Sci 114:155–165
Sánchez O (2017) Constructed wetlands revisited: microbial diversity in the—omics era. Microb Ecol 73:722–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-016-0881-y
Saumya S, Akansha S, Rinaldo J et al (2015) Construction and evaluation of prototype subsurface flow wetland planted with Heliconia angusta for the treatment of synthetic greywater. J Clean Prod 91:235–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2014.12.019
Sharma N, Tanksale H, Kapley A, Purohit HJ (2012) Mining the metagenome of activated biomass of an industrial wastewater treatment plant by a novel method. Indian J Microbiol 52:538–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-012-0263-1
Singh NK, Kazmi AA, Starkl M (2015) A review on full-scale decentralized wastewater treatment systems: techno-economical approach. Water Sci Technol 71:468–478. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.413
Sleytr K, Tietz A, Langergraber G et al (2009) Diversity of abundant bacteria in subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands. Ecol Eng 35:1021–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.11.005
Spychala M, Nieć J, Zawadzki P et al (2019) Removal of volatile solids from greywater using sand filters. Appl Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9040770
Stottmeister U, Wießner A, Kuschk P et al (2003) Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Biotechnol Adv 22:93–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.010
Tietz A, Hornek R, Langergraber G et al (2007) Diversity of ammonia oxidising bacteria in a vertical flow constructed wetland. Water Sci Technol 56:241–247. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.505
Vacca G, Wand H, Nikolausz M et al (2005) Effect of plants and filter materials on bacteria removal in pilot-scale constructed wetlands. Water Res 39:1361–1373. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2005.01.005
Vymazal J (2011) Long-term performance of constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow: ten case studies from the Czech Republic. Ecol Eng 37:54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.11.028
Vymazal J, Greenway M, Tonderski K et al (2006) Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment BT—wetlands and natural resource management. In: Verhoeven JTA, Beltman B, Bobbink R, Whigham DF (eds) Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 69–96
Wang Y, Sheng H-F, He Y et al (2012) Comparison of the levels of bacterial diversity in freshwater, intertidal wetland, and marine sediments by using millions of illumina tags. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:8264–8271. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01821-12
Wurochekke AA, Harun NA, Mohamed RMSR, Kassim AHBM (2014) Constructed wetland of Lepironia Articulata for household greywater treatment. APCBEE Procedia 10:103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2014.10.025
Yadav TC, Khardenavis AA, Kapley A (2014) Shifts in microbial community in response to dissolved oxygen levels in activated sludge. Bioresour Technol 165:257–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.007
Yadav TC, Pal RR, Shastri S et al (2015) Comparative metagenomics demonstrating different degradative capacity of activated biomass treating hydrocarbon contaminated wastewater. Bioresour Technol 188:24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.141
Yadav A, Chazarenc F, Mutnuri S (2018) Development of the “French system” vertical flow constructed wetland to treat raw domestic wastewater in India. Ecol Eng 113:88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.01.001
Zhong F, Wu J, Dai Y et al (2015) Bacterial community analysis by PCR-DGGE and 454-pyrosequencing of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands with front aeration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:1499–1512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6063-2
Acknowledgements
Our research was funded by Department of Science & Technology (DST) and Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) by government of India under IMPRINT scheme.
Funding
Our research was funded by Department of Science & Technology (DST) and Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) by government of India under IMPRINT scheme.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SM conceived the approach and design of work. SP performed experiments, analysed data and wrote manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
We know of no conflicts of interest associated with this publication.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Punyapwar, S., Mutnuri, S. Diversity and functional annotation of microorganisms in French vertical flow constructed wetland treating greywater. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 36, 148 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-020-02923-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-020-02923-1