Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A Review on Ozone Evolution and Its Relationship with Boundary Layer Characteristics in Urban Environments

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper reviews the interrelationship among boundary layer, urbanization, and evolution of ozone, with particular emphasis on how boundary layer dynamics and urbanization affects the evolution of ozone under different meteorological and climatological conditions. The aim of this work is not only to provide an exhaustive investigation of individual ozone episodes but to look at the underlying issues and hypotheses that are available for understanding the evolution of ozone. The review concludes with a summary of the current state of knowledge and outlines some of the remaining questions. It is the intention of this paper to serve as an ecumenical reference to the community for reappraising the relation of boundary layer climate to the evolution of ozone in an urban setting, especially on a peculiar feature of ozone dynamic, nocturnal ozone maxima. To date, there is still no overarching consensus on the mechanisms that lead to its formation. The importance of levels of urbanization and advantage of ascertaining the substantial weights of the respective mixing height and emission structure in exploring the relationship between ozone evolutions should not be overlooked.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alvim-Ferraz, M. C. M., Sousa, S. I. V., Pereira, M. C., & Martins, F. G. (2006). Contribution of anthropogenic pollutants to the increase of tropospheric ozone levels in the Oporto Metropolitan Area, Portugal since the 19th century. Environmental Pollution, 140, 516–524.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andronopoulous, S., Passamichali, A., Gounaris, N., & Bartzis, J. G. (2000). Evolution and transport of pollutants over a Mediterranean Coastal area-the influence of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions on ozone concentrations. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 39, 526–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Angevine, W. M., White, A. B., Senff, C. J., Trainer, M., Banta, R. M., & Ayoub, M. A. (2003). Urban-rural contrasts in mixing height and cloudiness over Nashville in 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D3), 4092. doi:10.1029/2001JD001061.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Assimakopoulos, V. D., & Helmis, C. G. (2009). Investigating correlations between urban air pollution patterns and ABL characteristics produced by a SODAR-RASS profilometer. IEEE. Retrieved February 2009, from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=01026460.

  • Athanassiadis, G. A., Rao, S. T., Jia Kub, J. Y., & Clark, R. D. (2002). Boundary layer evolution and its influence on ground-level ozone concentrations. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2, 339–357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, B. W. (1981). Mesocale atmospheric circulations. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bai, J. H., & Wang, M. X. (2001). The primary study on the regularity of atmospheric photochemical process for surface ozone. Climatic and Environmental Research, 6(1), 91–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banta, R. M., Senff, C. J., Nielsen-Gammon, J., Darby, L. S., Ryerson, T. B., Alvarez, R. J., et al. (2005). A bad hair day in Houston. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86(5), 657–669. doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-5-657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banta, R. M., Senff, C. J., White, A. B., Trainer, M., McNider, R. T., Valente, R. J., et al. (1998). Daytime buildup and nighttime transport of urban ozone in the boundary layer during a stagnation episode. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(17), 22,519–22,544.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barna, M., Lamb, B., O’Nell, S., Westerg, H., A-Kaminsky, C. F., Otterson, S., et al. (2000). Modeling ozone formation and transport in the Cascadia Region of the Pacific Northwest. American Meteorological Society, 39, 349–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumbach, G., & Vogt, U. (1999). Experimental determination of the effect of mountain-valley breeze circulation on air pollution in the vicinity of Freiburg. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 4019–4027.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, C. R. (1964). Differences in concentrations of surface oxidant between valley and mountaintop conditions in the Southern Appalachians. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 14(6), 238–239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyrich, F., Gryning, S. E., Joffre, S., Rasmussen, A., Seibert, P., & Tercier P. (1996). On the determination of mixing height: A review. In: Proceeding of the 4th Workshop on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes, May 1996, Oostende, Belgium, pp. 155–162.

  • Bithell, M., Vaughan, G., & Gray, L. J. (2000). Persistence of stratospheric ozone layers in the troposphere. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2563–2570.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackadar, A. K. (1957). Boundary layer wind maxima and their significance for the growth of nocturnal inversions. Bulletin American Meteorological Society, 38(5), 283–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Border, B. (1981). Late evening ozone maxima. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 119(5), 978–989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borrego, C., Martins, H., Tchepel, O., Salmim, L., Monteiro, A., & Mirando, A. I. (2006). How urban structure can affect city sustainability from an air quality perspective. Environmental Modelling and Software, 21, 461–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S. S., Neuman, J. A., Ryerson, T. B., Trainer, M., Dube, W. P., Holloway, J. S., et al. (2006). Nocturnal odd-oxygen budget and its implications for ozone loss in the lower troposphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, 8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burley, J. D., & Ray, J. D. (2007). Surface ozone in Yosemite National Park. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 6048–6062.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calori, G., Clemente, M., De Maria, R., Finard, S., Lollobrigida, F., & Tinarelli, G. (2006). Air quality integrated modelling in Turin urban area. Environmental Modelling and Software, 21, 468–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, L. Y., Chan, C. Y., & Qin, Y. (1998). Surface ozone pattern in Hong Kong. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 37(10), 1153–1165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, Y. S. (1977). Ground-level ozone and regional transport of air pollutants. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 16(11), 1127–1136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Civerolo, K., Hogrefe, C., Lynn, B., Rosenthal, J., Ku, J. Y., Solecki, W., et al. (2007). Estimating the effects of increased urbanization on surface meteorology and ozone characteristics in the New York City metropolitan region. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 1803–1818.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, M., & Islam, S. M. N. (2003). Health adjusted GDP (HAGDP) measures of the relationship between economic growth, health outcomes and social welfare. Paper presented at CESifo conference on health and economy policy, June 2003, Munich, Germany.

  • Corsmeier, U., Kalthoff, N., Kolle, O., Kotzian, M., & Fiedler, F. (1997). Ozone concentration jump in the stable nocturnal boundary layer during a LLJ-event. Atmospheric Environment, 31(13), 1977–1989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corsmeier, U., Kossmann, M., Kalthoff, A., & Sturman, N. (2006). Temporal evolution of winter smog within a nocturnal boundary layer at Christchurch, New Zealand. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 91, 1436–5065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Freitas, E. D., Martins, L. D., da Silva Dias, P. L., & Fatima de Andrade, M. (2005). A simple photochemical module implemented in RAMS for tropospheric ozone concentration forecast in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil: Coupling and validation. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 6352–6361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eliasson, I. (1996). Urban nocturnal temperatures, street geometry and land use. Atmospheric Environment, 30, 379–392.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eliasson, I., Thorsson, S., & Andersson-Skolfd, Y. (2003). Summer nocturnal ozone maxima in Goteborg, Sweden. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 2615–2627.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. W., Hildebrandt, M. L., Thomas, W. M., & Fernando, H. J. S. (2000). Analysis of the climatic mechanisms contributing to the summertime transport of lower atmospheric ozone across metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Climate Research, 15, 13–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EPA. (2003). Environmental Protection Agency. Executive summary. National Air Quality and Emission Trends Report, Special Studies Edition, Retrieved October 2007, from http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/aqtrnd03/pdfs/chap1_execsumm.pdf.

  • Fatogoma, O., & Jacko, R. B. (2002). A model to estimate mixing height and its effects on ozone modeling. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 3699–3708.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finardi, S., Tinarelli, G., & Pirovano, G. (2000). Local scale circulation reconstruction and forecast: Problems connected to Italian topographic features. Presented to the 6th Convegno Nazionale di Ingegneria del Vento, IN-VENTO, 2000, Genova, pp. 18–20.

  • Finardi, S., Carboni, G., & Tinarelli G. (2001). Analysis of three air pollution episodes driven by a temperature inversion in a sub-alpine Italian region, Proceedings of the workshop on European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research—Meteorology, October 2001, Toulouse, France.

  • Fochesatto, G. J., Drobinski, P., Flamant, C., Guedalia, D., Sarrat, C., Flamant, J., et al. (2001). Evidence of dynamical coupling between the residual layer and the developing convective boundary layer. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 99, 451–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, J. A., & Derwent, R. G. (1979). Destruction at the ground and the diurnal cycle of concentration of ozone and other gases. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 105, 169–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaza, R. S. (1998). Mesoscale meteorology and high ozone in the Northeast United States. American Meteorological Society, 961–977.

  • Gerasopoulos, E., Kouvarakis, G., Vrekoussis, M., Kanakidou, M., & Mihalopoulos, N. (2005). Ozone variability in the marine boundary layer of the Eastern Mediterranean based on 7-year observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, D15309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerasopoulos, E., Zanis, P., Papastefanou, C., Zerefos, C. S., Ioannidou, A., & Wernli, H. (2006a). A complex case study of down to the surface intrusions of persistent stratospheric air over the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 4113–4125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerasopoulos, E., Kouvarakis, G., Vrekoussis, M., Donoussis, C., Mihalopoulos, N., & Kanakidou, M. (2006b). Photochemical ozone production in the Eastern Mediterranean. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 3057–3069.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godowitch, J. M., Ching, J. K. S., & Clarke, J. F. (1987). Spatial variation of the evolution and structure of the urban boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 38(3), 249–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gusten, H., Heinrich, G., & Sprung, D. (1998). Nocturnal depletion of ozone in the upper Rhine Valley. Atmospheric Environment, 32, 1195–1202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hastie, D. R., Shepson, P. B., Sharma, S., & Schiff, H. I. (1993). The influence of the nocturnal boundary layer on secondary trace species in the atmosphere at Dorset, Ontario. Atmospheric Environment, 27, 533–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilderbrand, P. H., & Ackerman, B. (1984). Urban effects on the convective boundary layer. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 41(1), 76–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingsworth, J. W., Maruoka, S., Li, Z. W., Potts, E. N., Brass, D. M., Garantziotis, S., et al. (2007). Ambient ozone primes pulmonary innate immunity in mice. The Journal of Immunology, 179, 4367–4375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmen, A., Blomqvist, J., Frindberg, H., Johnelius, Y., Eriksson, N. E., Henricson, K. A., et al. (1997). Frequency of patients with acute asthma in relation to ozone, nitrogen dioxide, other pollutants of ambient air and meteorological observations. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 69, 317–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jazcilevich, A. D., Garcia, A. R., & Ruiz-Suarez, G. (2002). A modeling study of air pollution modulation through land-use change in the Valley of Mexico. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 2297–2307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkin, M. E., & Clemitshaw, L. C. (2000). Ozone and other secondary photochemical pollutants: Chemical processes governing their formation in the planetary boundary layer. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2499–2527.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, N., Hay, J. E. A., & Endpoint, N. Z. (2005). Synoptic weather types and morning rush hour nitrogen concentrations during Auckland winters. Weather and Climate, 25, 43–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Just, J., Segala, C., Sahraoui, F., Priol, G., Grimfeid, A., & Neukirch, F. (2002). Short-term health effects of particulate and photochemical air pollution in asthmatic children. European Respiratory Journal, 20, 899–906.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalabokas, P. D., Viras, L. G., Bartzis, J. G., & Repapis, C. C. (2000). Mediterranean rural ozone characteristics around the urban area of Athens. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 5199–5208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, B. A., de Freitas, C. R., & Shooter, D. (2007). Application of synoptic weather typing to an investigation of nocturnal ozone concentration at a maritime location, New Zealand. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 5636–5646.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman, L., Lee, Y. Y., Springston, S. R., Nunnermacker, L., Zhou, X. X., Brown, R., et al. (1994). Ozone formation at a rural site in the southeastern. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(D2), 3469–3482.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konopacki, S., & Akbari, H. (2002). Energy savings for heat island reduction strategies in Chicago and Houston (including updates for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City). Draft Final Report, LBNL-49638, University of California, Berkeley.

  • Krautstrunk, M., Neumann-Hauf, G., Schlager, H., Klemm, O., Beyrich, F., Corsmeier, U., et al. (2000). An experimental study on the planetary boundary layer transport of air pollutants over East Germany. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 1247–1266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroening, J. L., & Ney, E. P. (1962). Atmospheric ozone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 67, 1867–1875.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, R. H. F., Fung, J. C. H., Lau, A. K. H., & Fu, J. S. (2007). Urban effects of Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta region on sulfur cycle. Paper presented at the 6th Annual CMAS Conference, October 2007, Chapel Hill, NC.

  • Langmann, B. (2000). Numerical modelling of regional scale transport and photochemistry directly together with meteorological processes. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 3585–3598.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. H., & Kimura, F. (2001). Comparative studies in the local circulation induced by land-use and by topography. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 101, 157–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. L., Wong, W. H. S., & Lau, Y. L. (2006). Association between air pollution and asthma admission among children in Hong Kong. Clinical land Experimental Allergy, 36, 1138–1146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, H. W., Choi, H. J., Lee, S. H., Kim, Y. K., & Jung, W. S. (2008). The impact of topography and urban building parameterization on the photochemical ozone concentration of Seoul, Korea. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 4232–4246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehning, M., Richner, H., & Kok, G. L. (1998). Transport of air pollutants from the boundary layer to the free troposphere over complex terrain. Physical Chemistry Earth, 23, 667–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, D. Y. C., & Zhang, D. N. (2001). Characteristics of urban ozone level in Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 13(1), 1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindqvist, O., Ljungstrom, E., & Svensson, R. (1982). Low temperature thermal oxidation of nitric oxide in polluted air. Atmospheric Environment, 16(8), 1957–1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H. P., & Chan, J. C. L. (2002). Boundary layer dynamics associated with a severe air-pollution episode in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 2013–2025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C. M., Liu, S. C., & Shen, S. H. (1990). A study of Taipei ozone problems. Atmospheric Environment, 24, 1461–1472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, K. Y., Wang, Z., & Hsiao, L. F. (2002). A modeling of the sea breeze and its impacts on ozone distribution in northern Taiwan. Environmental Modeling and Software, 17, 21–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lo, J. C. F., Lau, A. K. H., Chen, F., Fung, J. C. H., & Leung, K. K. M. (2007). Urban modification in a mesoscale model and the effects on the local circulations in the Pearl River Delta region. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 46, 457–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loffler-Mang, M., Kossmann, M., Vogtilin, R., & Fiedler, F. (1997). Valley wind systems and their influence on nocturnal ozone concentrations. Contributions to Atmospheric Physics, 70, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, F. L., & Dabberdt, W. F. (1973). Effects of urbanization on turbulent diffusion and mixing depth. International Journal of Biometeorology, 17(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Y., & Lyons, T. J. (2003). Recirculation of coastal urban air pollution under a synoptic scale thermal trough in Perth, Western Australia. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 443–454.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martilli, A., Roulet, Y. A., Junier, M., Kirchner, F., Rotach, M. W., & Clappier, A. (2003). On the impact of urban surface exchange parameterisations on air quality simulations: The Athens case. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 4217–4231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald-Buller, E., Song, J., Webb, A., McGaughey, G., Zhou, B., Kockelman, K., et al. (2007). The impacts of urban development on anthropogenic and biogenic emissions and air quality: A case study in Austin Texas. Poster presented at Transportation/Land Use Planning and Air Quality 2007 Conference, 2007, July, Orlando, Florida, USA

  • McNider, R. T., Norris, W. B., & Song, A. (1993). Regional meteorological characteristics during ozone episodes in the Southeast. Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association International Specialty Conference on Regional Photochemical Measurement and Modeling Studies. 1993, November, San Diego, California.

  • McNider, R. T., Norris, W. B., Song, A. J., Clymer, R. L., Gupta, S., Banta, R. M., et al. (1998). Meteorological conditions during the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville/Middle Tennessee Field Intensive. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(D17), 22,225–22,243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melas, D., Ziomas, I. C., & Zerefos, C. S. (1995). Boundary layer dynamics in an urban coastal environment under sea breeze conditions. Atmospheric Environment, 29(24), 3605–3617.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monks, P. S. (2000). A review of the observations and origins of the spring ozone maximum. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 3545–3561.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nair, P. R., Chand, D., Lal, S., Modh, K. S., Naja, M., Parameswaran, K., et al. (2002). Temporal variations in surface ozone at Thumba (8.6oN, 77oE)—A tropical coastal site in India. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 603–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neu, U., Kunzle, T., & Wanner, H. (1994). On the relation between ozone storage in the residual layer and daily variation in near-surface ozone concentration—A case study. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 69, 221–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olszyna, K. J., Luria, M., & Meagher, J. F. (1997). Correlation of temperature and rural ozone levels in southeastern USA. Atmospheric Environment, 31(18), 3011–3022.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereza, C., Jimeneza, P., Jorbaa, O., Sicardb, M., & Baldasano, J. M. (2006). Influence of the PBL scheme on high-resolution photochemical simulations in an urban coastal area over the Western Mediterranean. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 5274–5297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pires, J. C. M., Martins, F. G., Sousa, S. I. V., Alvim-Ferraz, M. C. M., & Pereira, M. C. (2008). Selection and validation of parameters in multiple linear and principal component regressions. Environmental Modelling & Software. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.04.012.

  • Pirovanoa, G., Collc, I., Bedognib, M., Alessandrinia, S., Costaa, M. P., Gabusid, V., et al. (2007). On the influence of meteorological input on photochemical modelling of a severe episode over a coastal area. Atmospheric Environment, 41(30), 6445–6464.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pretto, A., Gatti, L. V., Rogero, J. R., Yamazaki, A., Freitas, E. D., & Silva Dias, P. L. (2001). Nocturnal maximum ozone concentrations in Sao Paulo City. Paper presented at 8th European symposium on the Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants, 2001, September, Torino, Italy.

  • Rao, S. T., Zurbenko, I. G., Neagu, R., Porter, P. S., Ku, J. Y., & Henry, R. F. (1997). Space and time scales in ambient ozone data. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78(10), 2153–2216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reitebuch, O., Strassburger, A., Emeis, S., & Kuttler, W. (2000). Nocturnal secondary ozone concentration maxima analysed by sodar observations and surface measurements. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 4315–4329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R. (1991). On the mean daily and seasonal variations of the vertical ozone profiles in the lower troposphere. Atmospheric Environment, 25A, 1751–1757.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riga-Karandinos, A.-N., & Saitanis, C. (2005). Comparative assessment of ambient air quality in two typical Mediterranean coastal cities in Greece. Chemosphere, 59, 1125–1136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizwan, A. M., Leung, D. Y. C., & Liu, C. H. (2008). A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20, 120–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, A. H., Akbari, H., & Romm, J. J. (1998). Cool communities: Strategies for heat island mitigation and smog reduction. Energy and Buildings, 28, 51–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salibaa, N. A., Mousaa, S., Salame, H., & El-Fadel, M. (2006). Variation of selected air quality indicators over the city of Beirut, Lebanon: Assessment of emission sources. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 3263–3268.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmond, J. A., & McKendry, L. G. (2002). Secondary ozone maxima in a very stable nocturnal boundary layer: Observations from the Lower Fraser Valley, BC. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 5771–5782.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmond, J. A., & McKendry, I. G. (2005). A review of turbulence in the very stable nocturnal boundary layer and its implications for air quality. Progress in Physical Geography, 29, 171–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samson, P. J. (1978). Nocturnal ozone maxima. Atmospheric Environment, 12, 951–955.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, M. I., de Torre, B., Garcia, M. A., & Perez, I. (2005). Ozone concentrations at a high altitude station in the Central Massif (Spain). Chemosphere, 60, 576–584.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, M. I., de Torre, B., Garcia, M. A., & Perez, I. (2007). Ground-level ozone and ozone vertical profile measurements close to the foothills of the Guadarrama mountain range (Spain). Atmospheric Environment, 41, 1302–1314.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seaman, N. L., & Michelson, S. A. (1998). Mesoscale meteorological structure of a high-ozone episode during the 1995 NARSTO-Northeast Study. Journal of Applied Meteology, 39, 384–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seinfeld, J. H., & Pandis, S. N. (1998). Atmospheric chemistry and physics. From air pollution to climate change. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senff, C. J., Banta, R. M., Darby, L. S., Alvarez, R. J. II, Sandberg, S. P., Hardesty, R. M., et al.. 2002. Ozone distribution and transport in the Houston area: Insights gained by airborne lidar. Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, 2002, December.

  • Shafran, P. C., Seaman, N. L., & Gayno, G. A. (2000). Evaluation of numerical predictions of boundary layer structure during the Lake Michigan Ozone Study. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 39, 412–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sillman, S. (1999). The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments. Atmospheric Environment, 33(12), 1821–1845.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sillman, S., & Samson, P. (1995). The impact of temperature on oxidant formation in urban, polluted rural and remote environments. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(D6), 11,497–11,508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • So, K. L., & Wang, T. (2003). On the local and regional influence on ground-level ozone concentrations in Hong Kong. Environmental Pollution, 123, 307–317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokhi, R. S., Luhana, L., Kukkonen, J., Berge, E., Slordal, L. H., & Finardi, S. (2001). Anaylsis of air pollution episodes in European cities, Proceedings of the workshop on European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research—Meteorology, October, 2001, Toulouse, France.

  • Stasiuk, W. N., & Coffey, P. E. (1974). Rural and urban ozone relationships in New York State. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 24, 564–568.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberger, E. H., & Ganor, E. (1980). High ozone concentrations at night in Jerusalem and Tel-aviv. Atmospheric Environment, 14, 221–225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stohl, A., Bonasoni, P., Cristofanelli, P., Collins, W., Feichter, J., Frank, A., et al. (2003). Stratosphere-troposphere exchange-a review, and what we have learned from STACCATO. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D12), 8516. doi:10.1029/2002J002490.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strassburger, A., & Kuttler, W. (1998). Diurnal courses of ozone in an inner urban park. Meteorologische Zeitschrift-Berliin, N.F., 7, 15–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struthers, H., Allan, W., Lowe, D. C., & Bhaskaranb, B. (2007). A comparison of the transport of long-lived atmospheric trace gas species from two advection schemes. Tellus, 59, 685–697.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stull, R. B. (1988). An introduction to boundary layer meteorology. The Netherlands: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturman, A. P. (1987). Thermal influences on airflow in mountainous terrain. Progress in Physical Geography, 11, 183–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sudarmanto, B. N., Fujiwara, A., & Zhang, J. (2006). A comparative analysis of surface ozone patterns at different land use types in Jakarta City based on a structural equation model with latent variables, Environmental Poster Mega Session, 85th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, 2006, D.C.

  • Summers, P. W. (1966). The seasonal weekly and daily cycles of atmospheric smoke content in Central Montreal. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 16, 432–438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarasova, O. A., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Jockel, P., Zvyagintsev, A. M., & Kuznetsov, G. I. (2007). A climatology of surface ozone in the extra tropics cluster analysis of observations and model results. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 7, 6099–6117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tong, H., Walton, A., Sang, J., & Chan Johnny, C. L. (2005). Numerical simulation of the urban boundary layer over the complex terrain of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3549–3564.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsilingiridis, G., Zachariadis, T., & Samaras, Z. (2002). Spatial and temporal characteristics of air pollutant emissions in Thessaloniki, Greece: Investigation of emission abatement measures. The Science of the Total Environment, 300, 99–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ooy, D. J., & Carroll, J. J. (1995). The spatial variation of ozone climatology on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. Atmospheric Environment, 29, 1319–1330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velasco, E., Marquez, C., Bueno, E., Bernabe, R. M., Sanchez, A. O., Fentanes, H. W., et al. (2008). Vertical distribution of ozone and VOCs in the low boundary layer of Mexico City_acp-8-3061-2008. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 3061–3079.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vuilleumier, L., Bamer, J. T., Harley, R. A., & Brown, N. J. (2001). Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide photolysis rates in an urban area using data from the 1997 Southern California Ozone Study. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 6525–6537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., & Mauzerall, D. L. (2004). Characterizing distributions of surface ozone and its impact on grain production in China, Japan and South Korea: 1990 and 2020. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 4383–4402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T., Cheung, V. T. F., Lam, K. S., Kok, G. L., & Harris, J. M. (2001). The characteristics of ozone and related compounds in the boundary layer of the South China coast-temporaland vertical in autumn. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 2735–2746.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T., Wu, Y. Y., Cheung, T. F., & Lam, K. S. (2001). A study of surface ozone and the relation to complex wind flow in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 3203–3215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X. M., Lin, W. S., Yang, L. M., Deng, R. R., & Lin, H. (2007). A numerical study of influences of urban land-use change on ozone distribution over the Pearl River Delta region, China. Tellus, 59B, 633–641.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wanner, H., Kunzle, T., Neu, U., Ilhy, B., Baumbach, G., & Steisslinger, B. (1993). On the dynamics of photochemical smog over the Swiss Middlleland – results of the first POLLUMET field experiment. Meteorological and Atmospheric Physics, 15, 117–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, A. B., Senff, C. J., & Banta, R. M. (1999). A comparison of mixing depths observed by ground-based wind profilers and an airborne lidar. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 16, 584–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, A. B., Templeman, B. D., Angevin, W. M., Zamor, R. J., King, W. W., Russell, C. A., et al. (2002). Regional contrast in morning transitions observed during the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville/Middle Tennessee Intensive. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D23), 4726. doi:10.1029/2001JD002036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., & Shao, Y. (2008). Numerical simulations of flow and pollution dispersion in urban atmospheric boundary layers. Environmental Modelling & Software, 23(7), 906–921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanis, P., Schuepbach, E., Gaeggeler, H. W., Huebener, S., & Tobler, L. (1999). Factors controlling Berrylium-7 at Jungfraujoch in Switzerland. Tellus, 51(4), 789–805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanis, P., Trickl, T., Stohl, A., Wernli, H., Cooper, O., Zerefos, C., et al. (2003). Forecast, observation and modelling of a deep stratospheric intrusion event over Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 3, 763–777.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., & Rao, S. T. (1999). The role of vertical mixing in the temporal evolution of ground-level ozone concentrations. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38, 1674–1691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zurita, E., & Castro, M. (1983). Statistical analysis of mean hourly concentrations of surface ozone at Madrid (Spain). Atmospheric Environment, 17(11), 2213–2220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This project is supported by the CRCG grant of the University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Research Grant Council (HKU7146/06E).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Nelson Y. O. Tong, Dennis Y. C. Leung & Chun-Ho Liu

Authors
  1. Nelson Y. O. Tong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dennis Y. C. Leung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chun-Ho Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dennis Y. C. Leung.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tong, N.Y.O., Leung, D.Y.C. & Liu, CH. A Review on Ozone Evolution and Its Relationship with Boundary Layer Characteristics in Urban Environments. Water Air Soil Pollut 214, 13–36 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0438-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0438-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation