Skip to main content
Log in

A Selective Literature Review on Leak Management Techniques for Water Distribution System

  • Published:
Water Resources Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Water Distribution System suffers from leakages causing social and economic costs. There is need of platform to manage water distribution system more efficiently by detecting, localizing and controlling the leakages even before or as soon as they occur, ensuring quality water services to the consumers. Since last two decades, high efforts have been made by researchers for the development of efficient leakage management techniques for reduction of water losses in distribution system. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis on leakage management techniques covering three aspects: leakage assessment, leakage detection and leakage control, with an objective to identify present challenges and future scope in their respected field. Role of smart water technologies for efficient leakages management in pipeline network is also examined and discussed. Conclusion is drawn regarding current leakage management techniques and proposals for future work and existing challenges are also outlined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adedeji K, Hamam Y, Abe B, Abu-Mahfouz AM (2016) Wireless sensor network-based improved NPW leakage detection algorithm for real-time application in pipelines

  • Adedeji KB, Hamam Y, Abe BT, Abu-Mahfouz AM (2017) Towards achieving a reliable leakage detection and localization algorithm for application in water piping networks: an overview. IEEE Access 5:20272–20285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adedeji KB, Hamam Y, Abe BT, Abu-Mahfouz AM (2018) Pressure management strategies for water loss reduction in large-scale water piping networks: a review. In: Gourbesville P, Cunge J, Caignaert G (eds) Advances in Hydroinformatics. Springer Water, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen M, Preis A, Iqbal M, Srirangarajan S, Lim HB, Girod L, Whittle AJ (2011) Real-time in-network distribution system monitoring to improve operational efficiency. J Am Water Works Assoc 103(7):63–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen M, Preis A, Iqbal M, Whittle AJ (2012) Case study: a smart water grid in Singapore. Water Pract Technol 7(4)

  • Araujo LS, Ramos H, Coelho ST (2006) Pressure control for leakage minimisation in water distribution systems management. Water Resour Manag 20(1):133–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arregui FJ, Cobacho R, Cabrera E Jr, Espert V (2011) Graphical method to calculate the optimum replacement period for water meters. J Water Resour Plan Manag 137(1):143–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AWWA (2009) Water audits and loss control programs. M-36 Publications, 3rd Edition. Available from: http://www.awwa.org/store/productdetail.aspx?productid=6725. Accessed 9 Oct 16

  • Bakker M, Rajewicz T, Kien H, Vreeburg JHG, Rietveld LC (2014) Advanced control of a water supply system: a case study. Water Pract Technol 9(2):264–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beal C, Flynn J (2014) The 2014 review of smart metering and intelligent water networks in Australia and New Zealand. Report prepared for WSAA by the Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University

  • Beal CD, Flynn J (2015) Toward the digital water age: survey and case studies of australian water utility smart-metering programs. Util Policy 32:29–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beal CD, Stewart RA (2013) Identifying residential water end uses underpinning peak day and peak hour demand. J Water Resour Plan Manag 140(7):04014008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beal C, Stewart R, Huang T, Rey E (2011) SEQ residential end use study. J Aust Water Assoc 38(1):80–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Bokde N, Asencio-Cortés G, Martínez-Álvarez F, Kulat K (2017) PSF: introduction to R package for pattern sequence based forecasting algorithm. R J

  • Campbell E, Izquierdo J, Montalvo I, Pérez-García R (2016) A novel water supply network sectorization methodology based on a complete economic analysis, including uncertainties. Water 8(5):179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo AF, Karney BW (2005) Impacts of leaks on energy consumption in pumped systems with storage. J Water Resour Plan Manag 131(2):146–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo AF, Karney BW (2009) Leaks and water use representation in water distribution system models: finding a working equivalence. J Hydraul Eng 135(3):234–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo AF, Lee P, Karney BW (2009) A selective literature review of transient-based leak detection methods. J Hydro Environ Res 2(4):212–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland C (2016) Water infrastructure financing: the water infrastructure finance and innovation act (WIFIA) program, United States environmental protect agency (USEPA), USA

  • Covas D, Ramos H (2010) Case studies of leak detection and location in water pipe systems by inverse transient analysis. J Water Resour Plan Manag 136(2):248–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Covas D, Ramos H, Almeida AB (2005) Standing wave difference method for leak detection in pipeline systems. J Hydraul Eng ASCE 131(120)

  • Covelli C, Cimorelli L, Cozzolino L, Della Morte R, Pianese D (2016) Reduction in water losses in water distribution systems using PRVs. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 16(4):1033–1045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creaco E, Pezzinga G (2014) Multiobjective optimization of pipe replacements and control valve installations for leakage attenuation in water distribution networks. J Water Resour Plan Manag 141(3):04014059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dai PD, Li P (2014) Optimal localization of pressure reducing valves in water distribution systems by a reformulation approach. Water Resour Manag 28(10):3057–3074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Marchis M, Fontanazza CM, Freni G, Notaro V, Puleo V (2013) Experimental evidence of leaks in elastic pipes. Water Resour Manag 30(6):2005–2019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Paola F, Galdiero E, Giugni M (2016) A jazz-based approach for optimal setting of pressure reducing valves in water distribution networks. Eng Optim 48(5):727–739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doug C, Scott E (2015) Sierra Nevada Snowpack Is Virtually Gone; Water Content Now Is Only 5 Percent of Historic Average, Lowest Since 1950, California Department of Water Resources. Available from: http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/040115snowsurvey.pdf. Accessed 29 Oct 15

  • Eck BJ, Arandia E, Naoum-Sawaya J, Wirth F (2014) A simulation-optimization approach for reducing background leakage in water systems. Procedia Eng 89:59–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endo A, Tsurita I, Burnett K, Orencio PM (2017) A review of the current state of research on the water, energy, and food nexus. J Hydrol 11:20–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan C, Sun F, Yang L (2005) Investigation on nondestructive evaluation of pipelines using infrared thermography. In: Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics, 2005. IRMMW-THz 2005. The Joint 30th International Conference on (Vol. 2, pp. 339–340). IEEE

  • Farah E, Shahrour I (2017) Leakage detection using smart water system: combination of water balance and automated minimum night flow. Water Resour Manag 31(15):4821–4833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farley M (2008) Finding ‘difficult’ leaks. International Water Association Specialist Group – Efficient Operation and Management. Available from: http://www.iwaom.org. Accessed 9 Oct 17

  • Farley M, Trow S (2007) Losses in water distribution networks; a practitioner’s guide to assessment, monitoring, and control, 2nd edn. International Water Association Publishing, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrante M, Brunone B (2003) Pipe system diagnosis and leak detection by unsteady-state tests. 1. Harmonic analysis. Adv Water Resour 26(1):95–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrante M, Brunone B, Meniconi S (2007) Wavelets for the analysis of transient pressure signals for leak detection. J Hydraul Eng 133(11):1274–1282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrante M, Brunone B, Meniconi S, Karney BW, Massari C (2014) Leak Size, Detectability and Test Conditions in Pressurized Pipe Systems: How Leak Size and System Conditions Affect the Effectiveness of Leak Detection Techniques. Water Resources Management 28(13):4583–4598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher R (2008) SmartBallTM–a new approach in pipeline leak detection. In: Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference. Calgary, Alberta, Canada

  • Fritsch O (2017) Integrated and adaptive water resources management: exploring public participation in the UK. Reg Environ Chang 17(7):1933–1944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Girard M, Stewart RA (2007) Implementation of pressure and leakage management strategies on the gold coast, Australia: case study. J Water Resour Plan Manag 133(3):210–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giustolisi O, Berardi L, Laucelli D, Savic D, Kapelan Z (2015) Operational and tactical management of water and energy resources in pressurized systems: competition at WDSA 2014. J Water Resour Plan Manag 142(5):C4015002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes R, Sousa J, Sá Marques A (2013) The influence of pressure/leakage relationships from existing leaks in the benefits yielded by pressure management. In: 8th international conference of European Water Resources Association

  • Goodwin SJ (1980) The results of the experimental programme on leakage and leakage control. Water Research Centre. Technical Report 154

  • Gupta A, Bokde N, Marathe D, Kulat K (2016) Leakage Reduction in Water Distribution Systems with Efficient Placement and Control of Pressure Reducing Valves Using Soft Computing Techniques. Eng Technol Appl Sci Res 7(2):1528–1534

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Bokde N, Marathe D, Kulat KD (2017) Optimization techniques for leakage management in urban water distribution networks. Water Sci Technol Water Supply 17(6):1638–1652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta AD, Bokde N, Kulat KD (2018) Hybrid leakage management for water network using PSF algorithm and soft computing techniques. Water Resour Manag 32(3):1133–1151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haghighi H, Covas C (2012) Modified inverse transient analysis for leak detection of pressurized pipes. BHR group pressure surges

  • Haniffa MAM, Hashim FM (2011) Recent developments in in-line inspection tools (ILI) for deepwater pipeline applications. In: National Postgraduate Conference (NPC), 2011 (p 1–6). IEEE Available here: http://sensus.com/web/usca/solutions/smart-water-network. Accessed 15 Oct 16

  • Harrison B, Gregory W (2013) Managing water utility financial risks through third‐party index insurance contracts. Water Resour Res 49(8):4939–4951

  • Hmiltom S (2011) Water balance-next step. Water Utility Journal, E.W. publications, p 3–11

  • Hope R, Foster T, Money A, Rouse M, Money N, Thomas M (2011). Smart water systems. Project report to UK DFID, April 2011, Oxford University, Oxford, UK

  • Kapelan ZS, Savic DA, Walters GA (2003) A hybrid inverse transient model for leakage detection and roughness calibration in pipe networks. J Hydraul Res 41(5):481–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karwot J, Kaźmierczak J, Wyczółkowski R, Paszkowski W, Przystałka P (2016) Smart water in smart city: a case study. In: Proceedings of SGEM 16th International Scientific Conference on EARTH&GEOSCIENCES, book (Vol. 3, p 851–858)

  • Kayaalp F, Zengin A, Kara R, Zavrak S (2017) Leakage detection and localization on water transportation pipelines: a multi-label classification approach. Neural Comput & Applic 28(10):2905–2914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khadam MA, Shammas NK, Al Y (1991) Water Losses from Municipal Utilities and their impacts. Water International 16(4):254–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khulief YA, Khalifa A, Mansour RB, Habib MA (2011) Acoustic detection of leaks in water pipelines using measurements inside pipe. J Pipeline Syst Eng Pract 3(2):47–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SH (2005) Extensive development of leak detection algorithm by impulse response method. J Hydraul Eng 131:201–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kouchi DH, Esmaili K, Faridhosseini A, Sanaeinejad SH, Khalili D, Abbaspour KC (2017) Sensitivity of calibrated parameters and water resource estimates on different objective functions and optimization algorithms. Water 9(6):384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krampe F (2017) Water for peace? Post-conflict water resource management in Kosovo. Coop Confl 52(2):147–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz W, Lapin A, Schilling OS, Tang Q, Schiller E, Braun T, Franssen HJH (2017) Integrating hydrological modelling, data assimilation and cloud computing for real-time management of water resources. Environ Model Softw 93:418–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert A (1994) Accounting for losses: the bursts and background concept. J IWEM 8, April

  • Lambert A (2001) What do we know about pressure-leakage relationships in distribution systems. IWA Conf in Systems approach to leakage control and water distribution system management

  • Lambert AO (2003) Assessing non-revenue water and its components - a practical approach. Water 21 - Magazine of the International Water Association, Vol. August 2003, p 50–51

  • Lambert AO, Fantozzi M (2010) Recent developments in pressure management. Proc., 6th IWA Water Loss reduction Specialist Conf.,IWA, Hague, The Netherlands

  • Lambert A, Hirner W 2000 Losses from water supply systems: Standard terminology and recommended performance measures. Available from: www.iwahq.org

  • Lambert A, Charalambous B, Fantozzi M, Kovac J, Rizzo A, St John SG (2014) 14 years’ experience of using IWA best practice water balance and water loss performance indicators in Europe. Proceedings of IWA Specialized Conference: Water Loss 2014, Austria, Vienna, 30 March – 2 April, 2014

  • Lee SJ, Lee G, Suh JC, Lee JM (2015) Online burst detection and location of water distribution systems and its practical applications. J Water Resour Plan Manag 142(1):04015033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liemberger R., Farley M (2004) Developing a non-revenue water reduction strategy, part 1: investigating and assessing water losses. In: Paper to IWA Congress

  • Liemberger R, McKenzie R (2003) Aqualibre: a new innovative water balance software, presented at the IWA/AWWA conference on efficient management of urban water supply, Tenerife

  • Liggett JA, Chen LC (1994) Inverse transient analysis in pipe networks. ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 120(8):934–955

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin HY, Lin BW, Li PH, Kao JJ (2015) The application of the cluster identification method for the detection of leakages in water distribution systems. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12(9):2687–2696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liou JCP, Hall RJ, McMahon MC (2003) Hazardous liquid leak detection techniques and processes. General Physics Corporation. Report No. DTRS56–02-D-70037-01

  • Maier HR, Kapelan Z, Kasprzyk J, Kollat J, Matott LS, Cunha MC, Dandy GC, Gibbs MS, Keedwell E, Marchi A (2014) Evolutionary algorithms and other metaheuristics in water resources: current status, research challenges and future directions. Environ Model Softw 62:271–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martini A, Troncossi M, Rivola A (2016) Leak detection in water-filled small-diameter polyethylene pipes by means of acoustic emission measurements. Appl Sci 7(1):2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meniconi S, Brunone B, Ferrante M, Massari C (2011) Transient tests for locating and sizing illegal branches in pipe systems. J Hydroinf 13(3):334–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michael D (2007) Report on Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) as a Regulatory and ProviderTool

  • Mounce SR, Boxall JB, Machell J (2007) An artificial neural network/fuzzy logic system for DMA flow meter data analysis providing burst identification and size estimation. Water management challenges in global change, p 313–320

  • Mounce SR, Pedraza C, Jackson T, Linford P, Boxall JB (2015) Cloud based machine learning approaches for leakage assessment and management in smart water networks. Procedia Eng 119:43–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mutikanga HE, Sharma SK, Vairavamoorthy K (2011) Investigating water meter performance in developing countries: a case study of Kampala, Uganda. Water SA 37(4):567–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutikanga HE, Sharma SK, Vairavamoorthy K (2013) Methods and tools for managing losses in water distribution systems. J Water Resour Plan Manag 139(2):166–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nazif S, Karamouz M, Tabesh M, Moridi A (2010) Pressure management model for urban water distribution networks. Water Resour Manag 24(3):437–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolini M, Zovatto L (2009) Optimal location and control of pressure reducing valves in water networks. J Water Resour Plan Manag 135(3):178–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolini M, Giacomello C, Deb K (2010) Calibration and Optimal Leakage Management for a Real Water Distribution Network. J Water Resour Plan Manag 137(1):4 134–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Nina B (2012) Analysis: Smart Meter and Smart Grid Problem, Legislative Proposal December 2012, Sebastopol, California, USA. http://www.santepublique-editions.fr/objects/smart-meter-problems-dec-2012-final-voir-p28.pdf. Accessed 17 Oct 16

  • Ozevin D, Harding J (2012) Novel leak localization in pressurized pipeline networks using acoustic emission and geometric connectivity. Int J Press Vessel Pip 92:63–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen-Perlman JD, Veilleux JC, Wolf AT (2017) International water conflict and cooperation: challenges and opportunities. Water Int 42(2):105–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilcher R, Hamilton S, Chapman H, Field D, Ristovski B, Stapely S (2007) Leak location and repairs, guideline notes by IWA, version 1. International Water Association, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Pires A, Morato J, Peixoto H, Botero V, Zuluaga L, Figueroa A (2017) Sustainability assessment of indicators for integrated water resources management. Sci Total Environ 578:139–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plath M, Mathias E, Knut W (2014) Energy efficiency and energy saving in the German water industry. Water Pract Technol 9(2):256–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pretner A, Belltin A, Saniz L (2008) Application of monitoring and information technologies to optimize asset management. Water Asset Manage Int 4(4):14–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Puust R, Kapelan Z, Savic DA, Koppel T (2010) A review of methods for leakage management in pipe networks. Urban Water J 7(1):25–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raleigh NC (2013) Water 20/20: bringing smart water networks into focus. Sensus. http://sensus.com/documents/10157/1577608/Sensus_Water2020-USweb.pdf/d67d0a75-255a-4a20-86f1-d4548bfcdf78. Accessed 24 April 2016

  • Ramos H, Tamminen S, Covas D (2009) Water supply system performance for different pipe materials part II: sensitivity analysis to pressure variation. Water Resour Manag 23(2):367–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roshani E, Filion Y (2014) WDS leakage management through pressure control and pipes rehabilitation using an optimization approach. Procedia Eng 89:21–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savić D, Ferrari G (2014) Design and performance of district metering areas in water distribution systems. Procedia Eng 89:1136–1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shafiee ME, Berglund A, Berglund EZ, Brill ED Jr, Mahinthakumar G (2015) Parallel evolutionary algorithm for designing water distribution networks to minimize background leakage. J Water Resour Plan Manag 142(5):C4015007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shamloo H, Haghighi A (2009) Leak detection in pipelines by inverse backward transient analysis. J Hydraul Res 47(3):311–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skulovich O, Perelman L, Ostfeld A (2014) Modeling and optimizing hydraulic transients in water distribution systems. Procedia Eng 70:1558–1565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiliotis M, Tsakiris G (2012) Water distribution network analysis under fuzzy demands. Civ Eng Environ Syst 29(2):107–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srirangarajan S, Allen M, Preis A, Iqbal M, Lim HB, Whittle AJ (2013) Wavelet-based burst event detection and localization in water distribution systems. J Signal Process Syst 72(1):1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoianov I, Nachman L, Madden S, Tokmouline T, Csail M (2007) PIPENET: a wireless sensor network for pipeline monitoring. In: Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2007. IPSN 2007. 6th International Symposium on, p 264–273. IEEE

  • Tabesh M, Yekta AA, Burrows R (2009) An integrated model to evaluate losses in water distribution systems. Water Resour Manag 23(3):477–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taha AW, Sharma S, Kennedy M (2016) Methods of assessment of water losses in water supply systems: a review. Water Resour Manag 30(14):4985–5001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang X, Liu Y, Zheng L, Ma C, Wang H (2009) Leak detection of water pipeline using wavelet transform method. In environmental science and information application technology, 2009. ESIAT 2009. International conference on (Vol. 2, p 217–220). IEEE

  • Thornton J, Lambert A (2005) Progress in practical prediction of pressure: leakage, pressure: burst frequency and pressure: consumption relationships. In: Proceedings of IWA Special Conference'Leakage, p 12–14

  • Treuer G, Koebele E, Deslatte A, Ernst K, Garcia M, Manago K (2017) A narrative method for analyzing transitions in urban water management: the case of the Miami-Dade water and sewer department. Water Resour Res 53(1):891–908

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucciarelli T, Criminisi A, Termini D (1999) Leak analysis in pipeline systems by means of optimal valve regulation. J Hydraul Eng 125(3):277–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2013) Water audits and water loss control for public water systems. Office of Water (4606 M), EPA 816-F-13-002

  • Van Zyl JE, Cassa AM (2013) Modeling elastically deforming leaks in water distribution pipes. J Hydraul Eng 140(2):182–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Vítkovský JP, Simpson AR, Lambert MF, Wang XJ (2001) An experimental verification of the inverse transient technique. In: 6th Conference on Hydraulics in Civil Engineering, p 28–30

  • Walski T, Bezts W, Posluszny ET, Weir M, Whitman BE (2006) Modeling leakage reduction through pressure control. J Am Water Works Assoc 98:147–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang XJ, Lambert MF, Simpson AR, Liggett JA, Vıtkovský JP (2002) Leak detection in pipelines using the damping of fluid transients. J Hydraul Eng 128(7):697–711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu ZY, Sage P, Turtle D (2009) Pressure-dependent leak detection model and its application to a district water system. J Water Resour Plan Manag 136(1):116–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdekhasti S, Piratla KR, Atamturktur S, Khan AA (2017) Novel vibration-based technique for detecting water pipeline leakage. Struct Infrastruct Eng 13(6):731–742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye G, Fenner RA (2010) Kalman filtering of hydraulic measurements for burst detection in water distribution systems. J Pipeline Syst Eng Pract 2(1):14–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zan TTT, Wong KJ, Lim HB, Whittle AJ (2011) A frequency domain burst detection technique for water distribution systems. In: Sensors, 2011 I.E. (p 1870–1873) IEEE

  • Zan TTT, Lim HB, Wong KJ, Whittle AJ, Lee BS (2014) Event detection and localization in urban water distribution network. IEEE Sensors J 14(12):4134–4142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zecchin AC, Lambert MF, Simpson AR, White LB (2006) Laplace-domain comparison of linear modelsof a reservoir-pipe-valve system with a leak. In: Proceedings of the 8th annual water distribution systems analysis symposium. Cincinnati, OH, USA

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aditya Gupta.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

There is no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gupta, A., Kulat, K.D. A Selective Literature Review on Leak Management Techniques for Water Distribution System. Water Resour Manage 32, 3247–3269 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-1985-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-018-1985-6

Keywords

Navigation