Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a widespread and endemic disease of cattle in Ethiopia posing a significant threat to public health. Regular surveillance by skin test, bacteriology, and molecular methods is not feasible due to lack of resources. Thus, routine abattoir (RA) inspection will continue to play a key role for national surveillance. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Woldiya municipal abattoir from April 1, 2009 to April 5, 2010 to estimate the prevalence of BTB in slaughtered cattle on the basis of detailed abattoir inspection and to compare efficacy of RA inspection with respect to detailed abattoir inspection and isolation and identification of Mycobacterium. Diagnostic accuracies (with corresponding measures of statistical uncertainty) were determined by computing test property statistics (sensitivity and specificity). Agreement between RA and detailed abattoir inspections was measured using kappa statistics. Out of 1,029 slaughtered heads of cattle examined during the study period, 63 (6.12 %) and 15 (1.45 %) were diagnosed with gross tuberculous lesions by detailed abattoir meat inspections and RA meat inspections, respectively, making a prevalence of 6.12 % (95 % CI: 5.2–7.1) on the basis of detailed abattoir inspection. About 59.45 % of tuberculous lesions were observed in the lungs and associated lymph nodes, whereas 35.13 % lesions were from the lymph nodes of the head. From 63 cattle suspected with tuberculosis (TB) based on detailed abattoir meat inspection, nine (19.05 %) were identified as Mycobacterium bovis, while three (4.8 %) as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The sensitivity of RA meat inspection was 23.8 % in comparison to the detailed abattoir meat inspection and 25 % in comparison to culture, respectively. Poor agreement (k = 0.37) was seen between RA meat examination and detailed abattoir meat examination methods. Similarly, poor agreement (k = 0.013) was seen between RA meat examination and culture results. In conclusion, relatively higher prevalence (6.12 %) was recorded in Woldiya municipal abattoir on the basis of detailed Abattoir inspection and RA meat inspection protocols currently utilized in Ethiopia which are insufficient to detect the majority (76.19 %) of TB lesions at the gross level, which indicates the magnitude of meat borne zoonotic TB as an ongoing risk to public health. Detailed abattoir inspection protocols were demonstrated to improve the detection level by approximately fourfold. In conclusion, routine meat inspections have limitations in detecting BTB-suggestive lesions which indicate the magnitude of meat-borne zoonotic TB as an ongoing risk to public health.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acha, P.N., and Szyfres, B., 2001. Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington D.C.
Ameni, G,. Aseffa, A., Engers, H., Young, D., Hewinson, G, Gordon, S.V., and Berg, S., 2006. Cattle Husbandry in Ethiopia Is a Predominant Factor Affecting the Pathology of Bovine Tuberculosis and Gamma Interferon Responses to Mycobacterial Antigens, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 13, 1030–1036.
Ameni, G., Desta, F., and Firdessa, R., 2010. Molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from tuberculosis lesions of cattle in north eastern Ethiopia, Veterinary Record,167:138-141 doi:10.1136/vr.b4881
Araujo, C.P., Leite, C.Q., Prince, K.A., Jorge, K.S.,Osorio, A.L., 2005.Mycobacterium bovis identification by a molecular method from post-mortem inspected cattle obtained in abattoirs of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , 100, 749-52.
Asseged, B., Woldesenbet, Z., Yimer, E., Lemma, E., 2004.Evaluation of abattoir inspection for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle at Addis Ababa abattoir, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 36, 537-46.
Ayele, W.Y., Neill, S.D., Zinsstag, J., Weiss, M.G., Pavlik, I., 2004. Bovine tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to Africa, International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 8, 924-937.
Berg, S., Firdessa, R., Habtamu, M., Gadisa, E., Mengistu, A., Yamuah, L., Ameni, G., Vordermeier, M., Robertson, B.D., Smith, N.H., Engers, H., Young, D., Hewinson, R.G., Aseffa, A., Gordon, S.V., 2009. The burden of mycobacterial disease in Ethiopian cattle: implications for public health, PLoS One, 4, 5068.
Biffa, D., Bogale, A., and Skjerve, E., 2010.Diagnostic efficiency of abattoir meat inspection service in Ethiopia to detect carcasses infected with Mycobacterium bovis: Implications for public health, BMC Public Health, 10, 462.
Boschiroli, M.L., Thorel, M.F., 2010. Tuberculosis (In Pierre-Charles Lefèvre, Jean Blancou, Renè Chermette, Gerrit Vilenberg eds), Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of livestock, 2, 1075–1096.
Boukary, A.Z., Thys, E., Abatih, E., Gamatie, D., Ango, I., Yenikoye, A., Saegerman, C., 2011. Bovine Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey on Cattle in the Rural Livestock System of Torodi (Niger), PLoS One, 6, e24629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024629.
Cadmus, S.I., 2009.Mycobacterium bovis and M. tuberculosis in goats Nigeria. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15(12). http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/15/12/2066.htm. Accessed 26 March 2011.
CDC (Center for Disease Control), 2007. A global perspective on tuberculosis. http://www.cdc.gov/tb/WorldTBDay/resources_global.htm, accessed on 12/1/2011
Central Statistical Authority (CSA): Agricultural sample survey, 2004/2005 (1998 EC). 2006. Report on livestock and livestock characteristics. Statistical Bulletin 361, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Corbett, E.L., Marston, B., Churchyard, G.J. and De Cock, K.M. 2006.Tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities, challenges, and change in the era of antiretroviral treatment, Lancet, 367, 926–937
Corner, L.A. 1994.Post mortem diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle, Veterinary Microbiology, 40, 53-63.
Cosivi, O., Meslin, F.X., Daborn, C.J. and Grange, J.M., 1995. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans, with particular reference to Africa, Revue Scientifique Et Technique De L Office International Des Epizooties,14, 733-746
Cosivi, O., Grange, J.M., Daborn, C.J., Raviglione, M.C., Fujikura, T., Cousins, D., Robinson, R.A., Huchzermeyer, H.F., De Kantor, I., Meslin, F.X., 1998. Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4, 59-70.
Cousins, D.V., Huchzermeyer, H.F.K., Griffin, J.F.T., Bruckner, G.K., Van rensburg, I.B.J. and Kriek, N.P.J., 2004. Tuberculosis. In: Coetzer, J.A.W., and Tustin, R.C., (eds.): Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Cape Town, Oxford University Press, 1973–1993.
Demelash, B., Inangolet, F., Oloya, J., Asseged, B., Badaso, M., Yilkal, A., Skjerve, E., 2009. Prevalence of Bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopian slaughter cattle based on post-mortem examination, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41, 755-765.
Diguimbaye-Djaibe, C., Hilty, M., Ngandolo, R., Mahamat, H.H., Pfyffer, G.E., Baggi, F., Hewinson, G., Tanner, M., Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., 2006. Mycobacterium bovis isolates from tuberculous lesions in Chadian zebu carcasses, Emerging Infectious Diseases,12, 769-771
Etter, E., Donado, P., Jori, F., Caron, A., Goutard, F., Roger, F., 2006. Risk analysis and bovine tuberculosis, a re-emerging zoonosis, Annals of the New York Academic Sciences, 1081,61-73.
Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI), 2008. Zoonotic tuberculosis and food safety. Microbiological risk assessment. Dublin, Ireland, 2.
Gracy, J.F., 1986. Meat Hygiene. Bailliere-Tindall, London.
Gumi, B., Schelling, E., Firdessa, R., Aseffa, A., Tschopp, R., Yamuah, L., Young, D., Zinsstag, J., 2011. Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in pastoral cattle herds in the Oromia region, southern Ethiopia, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 43, 1081–1087.
Gumi, B., Schelling, E., Berg, S., Firdessa, R., Erenso,G., Mekonnen,W., Hailu,E., Melese, E., Hussein, J., Aseffa, A., Zinsstag, J. 2012a. Zoonotic Transmission of Tuberculosis Between Pastoralists and Their Livestock in South-East Ethiopia, EcoHealth. doi:10.1007/s10393-012-0754-x.
Gumi, B., Schelling, E., Firdessa, R., Erenso, G., Biffa, D., Aseffa, A., Tschopp, R., Yamuah, L., Young, D., Zinsstag, J., 2012b. Low prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Somali pastoral livestock, southeast Ethiopia, Tropical Animal Health and Production, Jan 29. doi:10.1007/s11250-012-0085-5
Habtamu, T., 2006. Cross sectional study on bovine tuberculosis, Jinka, Southern Omo, Ethiopia. (unpublished DVM thesis, University of Debre Zeit).
Hailemariam, S. 1975. A brief analysis of the activities of the meat inspection and quarantine division, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
UN. HIV/AIDS, 2001.Population impact and Policies. Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations (U.N.).
Jalil, H., Das, P., Suleman, A., 2003. Bovine tuberculosis in dairy animals at Lahore, threat to the public health. Metropolitan Corporation Lahore, Pakistan. Available from http://priory.com/vet/bovinetb.htm.
Michel, A.L., Coetzee, M.L., Keet, D.F., Mare, L., Warren, R., et al.,2008.Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from free ranging wildlife in South African game reserves, Veterinary Microbiology, 1, 9.
Muller, B., Steiner, B., Bonfoh, B., Fane, A., Smith, N.H., Zinsstag, J., 2008. Molecular characterisation of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from cattle slaughtered at the Bamako abattoir in Mali, BMC Veterinary Research, 4, 26.
Muller, B., Vounatsou, P., Ngandolo, B.N., Diguimbaye-Djaibe, C., Schiller, I., Marg-Haufe, B., Oesch, B., Schelling, E., Zinsstag, J., 2009. Bayesian receiver operating characteristic estimation of multiple tests for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in Chadian cattle, PLoS One, 4, 8215
National metrological service agency (NMSA), 2005 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
OIE, 2009. Office International des Epizooties Terrestrial manual: World Health Organization for Animal Health, Paris: Office International des Epizooties
Regassa, A., Tassew, A., Amenu, K., Megersa, B., Abuna, F., Mekibib, B., Marcotty, T., Ameni, G., 2010. A cross-sectional study on bovine tuberculosis in Hawassa town and its surroundings, Southern Ethiopia, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42 , 915-920.
Robinson, P., Morris, D., Antic, R., 2008. Mycobacterium bovis as an occupational hazard in abattoir workers, Australia and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 18, 701-703.
Shitaye, JE., Getahun, B., and Alemayehu, T., 2006. A prevalence study of bovine tuberculosis by using abattoir meat inspection and tuberculin skin testing data, histopathological and ISI610PCR examination of tissues with tuberculous lesions in cattle in Ethiopia, Veterinary Medicine, 51,512-522
Shitaye, J.E., Tsegaye, W., and Pavlik, I., 2007. Bovine tuberculosis infection in animal and humans publication, Veterinary Medicine, 52, 317-332.
Tigre, W., Gudeta, T., Regassa, F., 2010. Preliminary study on Bovine Tuberculosis in Nekemte municipality abattoir, Western Ethiopia. Bulletin of Animal Heath and Production in Africa, 58, 323-327.
Tschopp, R., Hattendorf, J., Roth, F., Choudhoury, A., Shaw, A., Aseffa, A. and Zinsstag, .J.2012. Cost Estimate of Bovine Tuberculosis to Ethiopia, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, doi:10.1007/82_2012_245.
Uitenbroek, DG: SISA-Binomial.Diagnostic statistics. 1997 [http://www.quantitativeskills.com/sisa/distributions/binomial.htm], (accessed.9.Oct.2011).
Vestal, A.L., 1977. In: Procedures for isolation and identification of Mycobacteria, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, CDC Atlanta, Georgia, Publication No CDC-77-8230: p15-9.z z.
WHO, Global Tuberculosis Control: Epidemiology, Strategy, Financing, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009, WHO report 2009.
World Health Organisation .2008. Global tuberculosis control—surveillance, planning, financing: WHO report 2008. WHO/HTM/TB/2008. 393: 1–304.
Zinsstag, J., Kazwal, R.R., Cadmus, I., Ayanwale, L., 2006.Mycobacterium bovis in Africa. In: Thoen, C.O., Steele, J.H., Gilsdorf, M.F., (eds.): Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Animals and Humans. 2nd edition. Blackwell, Ames. 199–210.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge to AHRI for financial and material support. We are thankful to Dr. Assefa Abham, director of the BTB project; Dr. Rabuma F., coordinator of the BTB project; Dr. Gobena Ameni, Dr. Belayneh Getachew, and Dr. Getachew Gugsa for their intellectual advice and technical supports. The authors are also thankful for all AHRI TB laboratory workers and all staff members for their mutual assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aylate, A., Shah, S.N., Aleme, H. et al. Bovine tuberculosis: prevalence and diagnostic efficacy of routine meat inspection procedure in Woldiya municipality abattoir north Wollo zone, Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 45, 855–864 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0298-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0298-7