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The Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers (TWINS) NASA Mission-of-Opportunity

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Abstract

Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers (TWINS) is a NASA Explorer Mission-of-Opportunity to stereoscopically image the Earth’s magnetosphere for the first time. TWINS extends our understanding of magnetospheric structure and processes by providing simultaneous Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) imaging from two widely separated locations. TWINS observes ENAs from 1–100 keV with high angular (∼4°×4°) and time (∼1-minute) resolution. The TWINS Ly-α monitor measures the geocoronal hydrogen density to aid in ENA analysis while environmental sensors provide contemporaneous measurements of the local charged particle environments. By imaging ENAs with identical instruments from two widely spaced, high-altitude, high-inclination spacecraft, TWINS enables three-dimensional visualization of the large-scale structures and dynamics within the magnetosphere for the first time. This “instrument paper” documents the TWINS design, construction, calibration, and initial results. Finally, the appendix of this paper describes and documents the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) instrument calibration facility; this facility was used for all TWINS instrument-level calibrations.

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Abbreviations

ACE::

Advanced Composition Explorer

AMU::

Atomic Mass Unit

BESSY II::

Berlin Electron Synchrotron

BLOB::

Binary Large Object

CAPS::

Cassini Plasma Spectrometer

CEM::

Channel Electron Multiplier

CHAMPs::

Charge Preamplifiers

CRCM::

Comprehensive Ring Current Model

CTL::

Control

DBS::

Database Server

DE::

Dynamics Explorer spacecraft

DOS::

Dosimeter

DOY::

Day of Year

DP::

Data Processing

DPU::

Data Processing Unit

DST::

Disturbance Storm Time: a measure of the Earth’s magnetic field disturbance

EBOX::

Electronics Box

EEPROM::

Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

EMI::

Electromagnetic Interference

ENA::

Energetic Neutral Atom

EPO::

Education and Public Outreach

ES::

Environmental Sensor

ESD::

Electrostatic Discharge

ESTL::

European Space Tribology Laboratory

FEE::

Front-End Electronics

FM::

Flight Model

FOV::

Field-of-View

FWHM::

Full Width at Half Maximum

FPGA::

Field Programmable Gate Arrays

GSE::

Ground Support Equipment

GSM::

Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric

HENA::

High Energy Neutral Atom imager on IMAGE

HVPS::

High Voltage Power Supplies

IES::

Ion Electron Sensor

IMAGE::

Imager for Magnetopause-to Aurora Global Exploration Spacecraft

IMF::

Interplanetary Magnetic Field

IDL::

Interactive Data Language

IO::

Input/Output

JFET::

Junction Field Effect Transistor

LAD::

Lyman-α Detector

LAM::

Latch-Actuating Mechanism

LANL::

Los Alamos National Laboratory

LEMMS::

Low Energy Magnetospheric Measurements System

LENA::

Low Energy Neutral Atom Instrument on IMAGE

LISM::

Local Interstellar Medium

LLD::

Low Level Discriminator

LVPS::

Low Voltage Power Supplies

MAG::

Magnetometer Instrument

MCP::

Micro-Channel Plate

MENA::

Medium Energy Neutral Atom Instrument on IMAGE

MIT::

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MLI::

Multi-Layer Insulation

MLT::

Magnetic Local Time

MoO::

Mission-of-Opportunity

MPA::

Magnetospheric Plasma Analyzer instrument on a series of geosynchronous spacecraft

MRI-VIDEOS::

Multi-point Magnetospheric Reconnaissance Imagine: Visualization of Ion Dynamics, Evolution, Origins, and Structures

NASA::

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NSSDC::

National Space Science Data Center

PEM::

Parameterized Exospheric Model

PHA::

Pulse Height Analyzer

PWM::

Pulse-Width Modulator

RGA::

Residual Gas Analyzer

RTD::

Resistive Temperature Detectors

S/C::

Spacecraft

SCM::

Surface-Charging Monitor

SDS::

Science Data System

SOC::

Science Operations Center

SOLSTICE::

Solar Stellar IRadiance Comparison Experiment

SoHO::

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

SQL::

Structured Query Language

SRAM::

Static Random Access Memory

SWAN::

Solar Wind ANisotropy Instrument on SoHO

SwRI::

Southwest Research Institute

TCP/IP::

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

TOF::

Time of Flight

TWA::

TWINS Actuator

TWINS::

Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers Mission of Opportunity

UARS::

Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite

UNIX::

UNiplexed Information and Computing System

UPS::

Uninterruptible Power Supply

UT::

Universal Time

WUI::

Web User-Interface

WTA::

Wax Thermal Actuator

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX, 78238-5166, USA

    D. J. McComas, F. Allegrini, J. Burch, J. Goldstein, R. Harbaugh, C. Pollock, S. Pope, M. Reno, C. Urdiales, P. Valek, S. Weidner & M. Young

  2. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bikini Atoll Road SM30, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA

    J. Baldonado, D. Delapp, D. Everett, H. Funsten, R. Harper, R. Skoug & M. Thomsen

  3. The Aerospace Corporation, 2350 El Segundo Blvd., El Segundo, CA, USA

    B. Blake, J. Clemmons, W. Crain, L. Friesen, D. Mabry & M. Sivjee

  4. Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD, 20723-6099, USA

    P. C. Brandt, R. DeMajistre, D. Mitchell, E. Roelof & T. S. Sotirelis

  5. Argelander Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics Section, University of Bonn, Auf dem Huegel, 53121, Bonn, Germany

    H. Fahr, G. Lay, U. Nass & J. Zoennchen

  6. Astronautics and Space Technology Division, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1192, USA

    M. Gruntman

  7. von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, Schlossplatz 8, 68723, Schwetzingen, Germany

    H. Henkel

  8. VTT, Tietotie 3, 02044, Espoo, Finland

    C. Holmlund, K. Viherkanto & T. Ylikorpi

  9. Burle Electro-Optics, Inc., P.O. Box 1159, Sturbridge, MA, 01566, USA

    S. Ritzau

  10. Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA

    E. Scime

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  1. D. J. McComas
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  40. M. Young
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  41. J. Zoennchen
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Correspondence to D. J. McComas.

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McComas, D.J., Allegrini, F., Baldonado, J. et al. The Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers (TWINS) NASA Mission-of-Opportunity. Space Sci Rev 142, 157–231 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9467-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9467-4

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