Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

VLA Measurements of Faraday Rotation through Coronal Mass Ejections

  • Published:
Solar Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large-scale eruptions of plasma from the Sun, which play an important role in space weather. Faraday rotation is the rotation of the plane of polarization that results when a linearly polarized signal passes through a magnetized plasma such as a CME. Faraday rotation is proportional to the path integral through the plasma of the electron density and the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field. Faraday-rotation observations of a source near the Sun can provide information on the plasma structure of a CME shortly after launch. We report on simultaneous white-light and radio observations made of three CMEs in August 2012. We made sensitive Very Large Array (VLA) full-polarization observations using 1 – 2 GHz frequencies of a constellation of radio sources through the solar corona at heliocentric distances that ranged from 6 – \(15~\mathrm{R}_{\odot}\). Two sources (0842+1835 and 0900+1832) were occulted by a single CME, and one source (0843+1547) was occulted by two CMEs. In addition to our radioastronomical observations, which represent one of the first active hunts for CME Faraday rotation since Bird et al. (Solar Phys., 98, 341, 1985) and the first active hunt using the VLA, we obtained white-light coronagraph images from the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) C3 instrument to determine the Thomson-scattering brightness [\(\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{T}}\)], providing a means to independently estimate the plasma density and determine its contribution to the observed Faraday rotation. A constant-density force-free flux rope embedded in the background corona was used to model the effects of the CMEs on \(\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{T}}\) and Faraday rotation. The plasma densities (\(6\,\mbox{--}\,22\times10^{3}~\mbox{cm}^{-3}\)) and axial magnetic-field strengths (2 – 12 mG) inferred from our models are consistent with the modeling work of Liu et al. (Astrophys. J., 665, 1439, 2007) and Jensen and Russell (Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02103, 2008), as well as previous CME Faraday-rotation observations by Bird et al. (1985).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array is an instrument of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.

  2. 0.21 km (or \(1.3~\mathrm{k}\lambda\) at 1.845 GHz) is the smallest baseline available in B configuration.

  3. In more compact array configurations, this restriction would represent a significant loss of data, e.g. the maximum UV distance at 1.845 GHz in the C and D configurations is \(21~\mathrm{k}\lambda\) and \(6.2~\mathrm{k}\lambda\), respectively, compared to \(68~\mathrm{k}\lambda\) in B configuration.

  4. See the Observational Status Summary documentation for the VLA at science.nrao.edu/facilities/vla/docs

References

  • Andreev, V.E., Efimov, A.I., Samoznaev, L.N., Chashei, I.V., Bird, M.K.: 1997, Characteristics of coronal Alfven waves deduced from HELIOS Faraday rotation measurements. Solar Phys. 176, 387. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Babcock, H.W.: 1961, The topology of the Sun’s magnetic field and the 22-year cycle. Astrophys. J. 133, 572. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Banaszkiewicz, M., Axford, W.I., McKenzie, J.F.: 1998, An analytic solar magnetic field model. Astron. Astrophys. 337, 940. ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bignell, C.: 1982, Polarimetry. In: Thompson, A.R., D’Addario, L.R. (eds.) Synthesis Mapping, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, 6. ADS .

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, M.K.: 2007, Coronal Faraday rotation of occulted radio signals. Astron. Astrophys. Trans. 26, 441. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, M.K., Edenhofer, P.: 1990, In: Schwenn, R., Marsch, E. (eds.) Remote Sensing Observations of the Solar Corona, Springer, Berlin, 13. ADS .

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, M.K., Schruefer, E., Volland, H., Sieber, W.: 1980, Coronal Faraday rotation during solar occultation of PSR0525+21. Nature 283, 459. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, M.K., Volland, H., Howard, R.A., Koomen, M.J., Michels, D.J., Sheeley, N.R. Jr., Amstrong, J.W., Seidel, B.L., Stelzried, C.T., Woo, R.: 1985, White-light and radio sounding observations of coronal transients. Solar Phys. 98, 341. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brueckner, G.E.: 1974, The behaviour of the outer solar corona (\(3~\mathrm{R}_{\odot}\) to \(10~\mathrm{R}_{\odot}\)) during a large solar flare observed from OSO-7 in white light. In: Newkirk, G.A. (ed.) Coronal Disturbances, IAU Symp. 57, Reidel, Dordrecht, 333. ADS .

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brueckner, G.E., Howard, R.A., Koomen, M.J., Korendyke, C.M., Michels, D.J., Moses, J.D., Socker, D.G., Dere, K.P., Lamy, P.L., Llebaria, A., Bout, M.V., Schwenn, R., Simnett, G.M., Bedford, D.K., Eyles, C.J.: 1995, The Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph (LASCO). Solar Phys. 162, 357. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L.F.: 1988, Magnetic clouds and force-free fields with constant alpha. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 7217. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L., Sittler, E., Mariani, F., Schwenn, R.: 1981, Magnetic loop behind an interplanetary shock – voyager, helios, and IMP 8 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 6673. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon, A.R., Stelzried, C.T., Ohlson, J.E.: 1973, Faraday rotation observations during the 1970 pioneer 9 solar occultation. Deep Space Netw. Prog. Rep. 16, 87. ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J.: 1996, Theory of prominence eruption and propagation: interplanetary consequences. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 27499. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, P.F.: 2011, Coronal mass ejections: models and their observational basis. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 8, 1. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Colaninno, R.C., Vourlidas, A.: 2009, First determination of the true mass of coronal mass ejections: a novel approach to using the two STEREO viewpoints. Astrophys. J. 698, 852. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Colaninno, R.C., Vourlidas, A.: 2015, Using multiple-viewpoint observations to determine the interaction of three coronal mass ejections observed on 2012 March 5. Astrophys. J. 815, 70. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Condon, J.J., Cotton, W.D., Greisen, E.W., Yin, Q.F., Perley, R.A., Taylor, G.B., Broderick, J.J.: 1998, The NRAO VLA sky survey. Astron. J. 115, 1693. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Domingo, V., Fleck, B., Poland, A.I.: 1995, The SOHO mission: an overview. Solar Phys. 162, 1. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Efimov, A.I., Lukanina, L.A., Rogashkova, A.I., Samoznaev, L.N., Chashei, I.V., Bird, M.K., Pätzold, M.: 2015, Coronal radio occultation experiments with the helios solar probes: correlation/spectral analysis of Faraday rotation fluctuations. Solar Phys. 290, 2397. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S.E., Low, B.C.: 1998, A time-dependent three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model of the coronal mass ejection. Astrophys. J. 493, 460. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S.E., Low, B.C.: 2000, Three-dimensional and twisted: an MHD interpretation of on-disk observational characteristics of coronal mass ejections. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 18187. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S.E., Foster, D., Burkepile, J., de Toma, G., Stanger, A.: 2006, The calm before the storm: the link between quiescent cavities and coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. 641, 590. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson, L.J., Axford, W.I.: 1976, An analytic model illustrating the effects of rotation on a magnetosphere containing low-energy plasma. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 3403. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gopalswamy, N., Yashiro, S., Michalek, G., Stenborg, G., Vourlidas, A., Freeland, S., Howard, R.: 2009, The SOHO/LASCO CME catalog. Earth Moon Planets 104, 295. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T., Hildner, E., MacQueen, R.M., Munro, R.H., Poland, A.I., Ross, C.L.: 1974, Mass ejections from the sun – a view from SKYLAB. J. Geophys. Res. 79, 4581. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T., McComas, D.J., Phillips, J.L., Bame, S.J.: 1991, Geomagnetic activity associated with Earth passage of interplanetary shock disturbances and coronal mass ejections. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 7831. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurnett, D.A., Bhattacharjee, A.: 2006, Introduction to Plasma Physics, Cambridge University, Cambridge.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A.P., Vourlidas, A., Howard, R.A.: 2001, Deriving the electron density of the solar corona from the inversion of total brightness measurements. Astrophys. J. 548, 1081. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollweg, J.V., Bird, M.K., Volland, H., Edenhofer, P., Stelzried, C.T., Seidel, B.L.: 1982, Possible evidence for coronal Alfven waves. J. Geophys. Res. 87, 1. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, R.A., Moses, J.D., Vourlidas, A., Newmark, J.S., Socker, D.G., Plunkett, S.P., Korendyke, C.M., Cook, J.W., Hurley, A., Davila, J.M., Thompson, W.T., St Cyr, O.C., Mentzell, E., Mehalick, K., Lemen, J.R., Wuelser, J.P., Duncan, D.W., Tarbell, T.D., Wolfson, C.J., Moore, A., Harrison, R.A., Waltham, N.R., Lang, J., Davis, C.J., Eyles, C.J., Mapson-Menard, H., Simnett, G.M., Halain, J.P., Defise, J.M., Mazy, E., Rochus, P., Mercier, R., Ravet, M.F., Delmotte, F., Auchere, F., Delaboudiniere, J.P., Bothmer, V., Deutsch, W., Wang, D., Rich, N., Cooper, S., Stephens, V., Maahs, G., Baugh, R., McMullin, D., Carter, T.: 2008, Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI). Space Sci. Rev. 136, 67. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, T.A., Stovall, K., Dowell, J., Taylor, G.B., White, S.M.: 2016, Measuring the magnetic field of coronal mass ejections near the Sun using pulsars. Astrophys. J. 831, 208. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Illing, R.M.E., Hundhausen, A.J.: 1985, Observation of a coronal transient from 1.2 to 6 solar radii. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 275. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingleby, L.D., Spangler, S.R., Whiting, C.A.: 2007, Probing the large-scale plasma structure of the solar corona with Faraday rotation measurements. Astrophys. J. 668, 520. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, E.A., Russell, C.T.: 2008, Faraday rotation observations of CMEs. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L02103. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, E.A., Bisi, M.M., Breen, A.R., Heiles, C., Minter, T., Vilas, F.: 2013a, Measurements of Faraday rotation through the solar corona during the 2009 solar minimum with the MESSENGER spacecraft. Solar Phys. 285, 83. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, E.A., Nolan, M., Bisi, M.M., Chashei, I., Vilas, F.: 2013b, MESSENGER observations of magnetohydrodynamic waves in the solar corona from Faraday rotation. Solar Phys. 285, 71. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, E.A., Frazin, R., Heiles, C., Lamy, P., Llebaria, A., Anderson, J.D., Bisi, M.M., Fallows, R.A.: 2016, The comparison of total electron content between radio and Thompson scattering. Solar Phys. 291, 465. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, M.L., Kucera, T.A., Davila, J.M., St. Cyr, O.C., Guhathakurta, M., Christian, E.: 2008, The STEREO mission: an introduction. Space Sci. Rev. 136, 5. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kooi, J.E.: 2016, Very Large Array Faraday Rotation Studies of the Coronal Plasma. PhD thesis, University of Iowa.

  • Kooi, J.E., Fischer, P.D., Buffo, J.J., Spangler, S.R.: 2014, Measurements of coronal Faraday rotation at \(4.6~\mathrm{R}_{\odot}\). Astrophys. J. 784, 68. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Chat, G., Kasper, J.C., Cohen, O., Spangler, S.R.: 2014, Diagnostics of the solar corona from comparison between Faraday rotation measurements and magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Astrophys. J. 789, 163. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lepping, R.P., Burlaga, L.F., Jones, J.A.: 1990, Magnetic field structure of interplanetary magnetic clouds at 1 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 11957. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, G.S., Sato, T., Seidel, B.L., Stelzried, C.T., Ohlson, J.E., Rusch, W.V.T.: 1969, Pioneer 6: measurement of transient Faraday rotation phenomena observed during solar occultation. Science 166, 596. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Manchester, W.B. IV, Kasper, J.C., Richardson, J.D., Belcher, J.W.: 2007, Determining the magnetic field orientation of coronal mass ejections from Faraday rotation. Astrophys. J. 665, 1439. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Low, B.C.: 2001, Coronal mass ejections, magnetic flux ropes, and solar magnetism. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 25141. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • MacQueen, R.M., Eddy, J.A., Gosling, J.T., Hildner, E., Munro, R.H., Newkirk, G.A. Jr., Poland, A.I., Ross, C.L.: 1974, The outer solar corona as observed from skylab: preliminary results. Astrophys. J. Lett. 187, L85. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancuso, S., Garzelli, M.V.: 2013, Radial profile of the inner heliospheric magnetic field as deduced from Faraday rotation observations. Astron. Astrophys. 553, A100. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancuso, S., Spangler, S.R.: 1999, Coronal Faraday rotation observations: measurements and limits on plasma inhomogeneities. Astrophys. J. 525, 195. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancuso, S., Spangler, S.R.: 2000, Faraday rotation and models for the plasma structure of the solar corona. Astrophys. J. 539, 480. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McMullin, J.P., Waters, B., Schiebel, D., Young, W., Golap, K.: 2007, CASA architecture and applications. In: Shaw, R.A., Hill, F., Bell, D.J. (eds.) Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XVI CS-376, Astron. Soc. Pacific, San Francisco, 127. ADS .

    Google Scholar 

  • Mierla, M., Inhester, B., Antunes, A., Boursier, Y., Byrne, J.P., Colaninno, R., Davila, J., de Koning, C.A., Gallagher, P.T., Gissot, S., Howard, R.A., Howard, T.A., Kramar, M., Lamy, P., Liewer, P.C., Maloney, S., Marqué, C., McAteer, R.T.J., Moran, T., Rodriguez, L., Srivastava, N., St. Cyr, O.C., Stenborg, G., Temmer, M., Thernisien, A., Vourlidas, A., West, M.J., Wood, B.E., Zhukov, A.N.: 2010, On the 3-D reconstruction of coronal mass ejections using coronagraph data. Ann. Geophys. 28, 203. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrill, J.S., Howard, R.A., Vourlidas, A., Webb, D.F., Kunkel, V.: 2009, The impact of geometry on observations of CME brightness and propagation. Solar Phys. 259, 179. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Olmedo, O., Zhang, J., Wechsler, H., Poland, A., Borne, K.: 2008, Automatic detection and tracking of coronal mass ejections in coronagraph time series. Solar Phys. 248, 485. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ord, S.M., Johnston, S., Sarkissian, J.: 2007, The magnetic field of the solar corona from pulsar observations. Solar Phys. 245, 109. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pätzold, M., Bird, M.K.: 1998, The pioneer 6 Faraday rotation transients-on the interpretation of coronal Faraday rotation data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 2105. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pätzold, M., Bird, M.K., Volland, H., Levy, G.S., Seidel, B.L., Stelzried, C.T.: 1987, The mean coronal magnetic field determined from HELIOS Faraday rotation measurements. Solar Phys. 109, 91. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Robbrecht, E., Berghmans, D., Van der Linden, R.A.M.: 2009, Automated LASCO CME catalog for solar cycle 23: are CMEs scale invariant? Astrophys. J. 691, 1222. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Saito, K., Poland, A.I., Munro, R.H.: 1977, A study of the background corona near solar minimum. Solar Phys. 55, 121. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakurai, T., Spangler, S.R.: 1994a, The study of coronal plasma structures and fluctuations with Faraday rotation measurements. Astrophys. J. 434, 773. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakurai, T., Spangler, S.R.: 1994b, Use of the very large array for measurement of time variable Faraday rotation. Radio Sci. 29, 635. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwenn, R.: 2006, Space weather: the solar perspective. Living Rev. Solar Phys. 3, 2. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Soboleva, N.S., Timofeeva, G.M.: 1983, The Faraday effect in the solar supercorona during its 1977 – 1982 radio occultations of the crab nebula. Sov. Astron. Lett. 9, 216. ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sofue, Y., Kawabata, K., Kawajiri, N., Kawano, N.: 1972, Faraday rotation of linearly polarized radio waves from the crab nebula by the solar corona. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 24, 309. ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Spangler, S.R.: 2005, The strength and structure of the coronal magnetic field. Space Sci. Rev. 121, 189. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Spangler, S.R., Whiting, C.A.: 2009, Radio remote sensing of the corona and the solar wind. In: Gopalswamy, N., Webb, D.F. (eds.) IAU Symp. 257, 529. DOI . ADS .

    Google Scholar 

  • Stelzried, C.T., Levy, G.S., Sato, T., Rusch, W.V.T., Ohlson, J.E., Schatten, K.H., Wilcox, J.M.: 1970, The quasi-stationary coronal magnetic field and electron density as determined from a Faraday rotation experiment. Solar Phys. 14, 440. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Thernisien, A.F.R., Howard, R.A., Vourlidas, A.: 2006, Modeling of flux rope coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. 652, 763. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • van de Hulst, H.C.: 1950, The electron density of the solar corona. Bull. Astron. Inst. Neth. 11, 135. ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, M.F., Cohen, D.M.S., Puhl-Quinn, P., Jordanova, V.K., Smith, C.W., Skoug, R.M.: 2006, Space weather drivers in the ACE era. Space Weather 4, S09001. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vourlidas, A., Howard, R.A.: 2006, The proper treatment of coronal mass ejection brightness: a new methodology and implications for observations. Astrophys. J. 642, 1216. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vourlidas, A., Howard, R.A., Esfandiari, E., Patsourakos, S., Yashiro, S., Michalek, G.: 2010, Comprehensive analysis of coronal mass ejection mass and energy properties over a full solar cycle. Astrophys. J. 722, 1522. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Weimer, D.R., Ober, D.M., Maynard, N.C., Burke, W.J., Collier, M.R., McComas, D.J., Ness, N.F., Smith, C.W.: 2002, Variable time delays in the propagation of the interplanetary magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res. 107, A81210. DOI . ADS .

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, B.E., Howard, R.A., Thernisien, A., Plunkett, S.P., Socker, D.G.: 2009, Reconstructing the 3D morphology of the 17 May 2008 CME. Solar Phys. 259, 163. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • You, X.P., Coles, W.A., Hobbs, G.B., Manchester, R.N.: 2012, Measurement of the electron density and magnetic field of the solar wind using millisecond pulsars. Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 422, 1160. DOI . ADS .

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported at the University of Iowa by grants ATM09-56901 and AST09-07911 from the National Science Foundation and supported at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory by the Jerome and Isabella Karle Distinguished Scholar Fellowship program. The SOHO/LASCO data used here are produced by a consortium of the Naval Research Laboratory (USA), Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie (Germany), Laboratoire d’Astronomie (France), and the University of Birmingham (UK). SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA. We thank George Moellenbrock of the NRAO staff for his patience and assistance in implementing ionospheric Faraday-rotation corrections in CASA. We also thank the referee, whose comments and suggestions improved the content and overall presentation of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7213, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20375, USA

    Jason E. Kooi

  2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA

    Jason E. Kooi, Patrick D. Fischer, Jacob J. Buffo & Steven R. Spangler

Authors
  1. Jason E. Kooi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Patrick D. Fischer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jacob J. Buffo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Steven R. Spangler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jason E. Kooi.

Ethics declarations

Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kooi, J.E., Fischer, P.D., Buffo, J.J. et al. VLA Measurements of Faraday Rotation through Coronal Mass Ejections. Sol Phys 292, 56 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1074-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1074-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation